13 SEPTEMBER 2008, Page 70

Ancient & modern

The military-backed President Musharraf of Pakistan has been dragged, screaming and kicking, into retirement. He doesn’t know how lucky he is.

How power maddens people! In 5th-century BC democratic Athens, on average two out of the top ten officials every year were found guilty on a capital charge and either fled or were executed. It never stopped men putting themselves forward.

The prospects were even worse for Roman emperors. From the start of the principate in 27 BC till the technical end of the empire in the West in AD 476, there were 90 emperors. Of these nearly three in four were killed, usually by their own troops, or committed suicide. The problem