THE CAMPBELLS.—(CONCLUSION.)

BY his first wife, a daughter of the Earl of Moray, the unfor- tunate Earl of Argyll had three sons, the eldest of whom, Archibald, succeeded him as head of the Campbells. On his father's attainder he was, in 1683, allowed a maintenance out of the estate, and when the Earl landed in 1685 he presented himself, willingly or unwillingly, to the Government, and offered to serve against his father. But the family politics soon revived in him, and he was one of those who took refuge in Holland, and accompanied William to England in 1688. Going down to Scotland in 1689, he was admitted into the Convention of Estates as tenth Earl of Argyll without protest, except on the part of a single peer, and was one of the three Commissioners appointed to make a tender of the Crown of Scotland to William and Mary. He was sworn a Privy Councillor on the 1st of May, and the Parliament which met at Edinburgh on the 5th of June declared his attainder null and void, and formally restored him to all his ancestral honours and estates. Disapproving of the slowness of the Government in re- dressing the grievances of Scotland, the Earl joined the opposition, and incurred the suspicion of being involved in Sir James Mont- gomery's plot, and it is certain that he had dealings with the Jaco- bite agents in Scotland. His character was very inferior to those of both his predecessors and successors, and he was chiefly remark- able for his polished manners. In 1690 he made his peace with the • Spell. bound. By M. A. Bird. London: Maxwell Government, and was appointed one of the Lords of the Trea- sury. He was commanded by William to raise a regiment at his own expense out of his clansmen, and the first service it was employed in was the well-known massacre of Glencoe, ir February, 1692, concocted between Stair, Breadalbane, and Argyll,' and directed against the hereditary enemies of the Campbells— the Macdonalds ; in which exploit Campbell of Glenlyon, with 120 men of Argyll's regiment, played the principal part. The same year the regiment was transferred to more honourable service in Ireland, under Schomberg, and afterwards served with distinction in Flanders. Argyll, who, in December, 1694, was appointed an extraordinary Lord of Session, was in 1696 raised to the Colonelcy of the Scotch Regiment of Horse Guards. He is said to have communicated his opinions very freely to William, and to have been to some extent trusted by him on that account, and on the 22nd of June, 1701, he was created Duke of Argyll, Marquis of Kintire and Lorn, Earl of Campbell and Cowal, Viscount Lochow and Glenisla, Lord Inverary, Mull, Morveru, and Tiry, to him and his heirs male. He had no application to busi- ness, and by his style of living still further involved his estates, never lucrative in respect of income in proportion to their extent, and much impoverished by the misfortunes of his father and grandfather. He entailed them on the heirs male of the family, and died September 25, 1703. By his wife, Lady Elizabeth Tollemache, daughter of the celebrated Countess of Dysart and Duchess of Lauderdale, the "Bess of my heart" of song, he had two sons, John and Archibald, who as second and third Dukes of Argyll played eminent parts in the history of their country.

John, second Duke of Argyll, was born on the 10th of October, 1678, and is said to have fallen out of the third story of his aunt the Countess of Moray's house on the day of the execution of his grandfather, when only seven years of age, but to have been taken up, to the astonishment of all, unhurt. Though some attention was bestowed on his education, he was never considered a very accomplished man; his disposition was restless, and impelled him to action rather than to books. in 1694 his father pre- sented him to King William, who gave him the command of a regiment of foot, and he showed much courage and some capacity in active military service. On his father's death in 1703 he was sworn of the privy Council, appointed a Knight of the Thistle

and Colonel of Scotch Horse Guards, and on 20th June, 1705, an extraordinary Lord of Session. In the latter year he was appointed High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland, for the purpose of securing the Act of Union. For his services on this occasion he was on the 26th of November created a peer of England by the titles of Earl of Greenwich and Baron of Chatham. The next year he joined Marlborough's army and served four campaigns in Flanders, rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, was well spoken of at the bat- tles of Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, and was present at all the principal sieges. But he was continually at variance with Marl- borough, who formed a very unfavourable estimate of his character. •

"1 cannot have a worse opinion of any man than I have of the Duke of Argyll," he writes to his wife, on the 25th of March, 1710. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that we find Argyll opposing the vote of thanks to the Duke, and in alliance with the Tories under Harley. On the downfall of Marlborough which followed, Argyll was sent to take the civil and military charge of affairs in Spain, with the delusive idea that it was intended to carry on the war more effectually than it had been. But he found he had been only made a tool of, the army in Spain was in a hope- less state of disorganization, all his applications for money and supplies were disregarded by the new Ministry, and he was obliged to use his own money for the support of the starving soldiers. At the same time he learned the progress of the negotiations for peace at *Utrecht, and thoroughly disgusted, he returned home with the firm resolution (which he communicated to his former tutor) of opposing the Ministry and casting in his lot once more with the Whigs. This he did with the vehemence of speech which distinguished him, for he was a most effective and elo- quent speaker, and impassioned in his oratory. His zeal was quick- ened by the favour in which his rival, the Earl of Mar, was held by the new Cabinet. He opposed the extension of the malt tax to Scotland, and thus regained much of the popularity there which he had forfeited by his support of the Union ; and on the 1st of June, 1713, he supported the motion of the Earl of Seaforth for a bill to dissolve the anion, declaring that he had only supported the Act as a means for securing the Protestant succession, and that he now thought it might be secured without. The motion was lost only by four votes, and Argyll has the credit of having caused its rejection by the violent language he used against the Pretender, which induced

several Jacobites to withdraw without voting. He struck a still more severe blow at the Pretender's cause by appearing along with Somerset unsummoned in the Council Chamber on ve,he eve of Queen Anne's death, and with Shrewsbury upetting foall the plans of Bolingbroke and the Jacobites. He was one of the Lord Justices named by George I. as Regents before his arrival in England, and was appointed Groom of the Stole to the Prince of Wales, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in Scotland, Governor of Minorca, a Privy Councillor, and Colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards. On the breaking out of the rebellion of '15 he:was sent down to Scotland to oppose the Earl of Mar. Here he displayed at first considerable activity in gathering together the few forces that Government had at their disposal in Scotland, raising others from Glasgow and his own estates, and defending Edinburgh against the operations of a detachment of Mar's forces. The latter was, however, at the head of so superior a body of men that Argyll was compelled to remain inactive,, and the operations were confined to desultory skirmishes and coun- termarches on both sides, till Mar's threatened advance across the Forth with forces three:to one in number led to Argyll taking the resolution to anticipate him, and to his advance to Dumblane with his little army of 3,300 men, of whom 1,200 were cavalry. On the 13th of November, 1715, the two armies encountered on Sheriff Muir, Mar having about 10,000 men, chiefly clansmen hostile to the Campbells, the Macdonalds, Macleans, Gordons, &c.

The fight which ensued was marked by little skill on either side. The clans broke Argyll's left wing, and the general commanding it fled to Stirling. On the other hand, Argyll himself worsted the

enemy's cavalry on their left wing, and keeping his men together he returned slowly to the field, and drew them up in a defensive position to await the fresh attack which all expected from Mar. On being told that his victory was as yet incomplete, Argyll replied in the words of a Scotch song,— " If it wasna weal bobbit, weel bobbit, weal bobbit," If it wares weel bobbit, we'll bobb it again."

"0 for an hour of Dundee !" exclaimed a Gordon at this conjunc- ture, but Mar remained inactive, and then drew off his men and

retreated, while Argyll the next day returned to Stirling. The battle in itself was as indecisive as the satirical ballad represents :—

" Some say that we wan, and some say that they wan, And some say that nano wan at a', man ;

But of ane thing I'm sure, that on Sheriff Muir A battle there was that I saw, man !"

But the indirect result was to crash the Jacobite cause for the time, Mar never showing face again within seven miles of an enemy, and his clansmen deserting daily. But Argyll became unaccountably inactive as soon as the immediate danger of Mar's success was over, and it was not until reinforced, and to some measure superseded, by General Cadogan at the head of a body of Dutch and Swiss troops, that he most reluctantly, as Cadogan says, pursued Mar from place to place, till the Earl embarked for the Continent at Dundee, and the remains of his army dispersed at Aberdeen into the inaccessible wilds of Badenoch. It is clear that Argyll did not wish to see the English Go- vernment too completely master of Scotland, and it is only by this leading clue of his jealousy for Scotch interests and his own family jurisdictions that we are at all able to follow the vacillations of his political conduct in the ensuing years. He supported indeed the Septennial Bill and some other measures of the Government, but he made himself so obnoxious to them in other respects that in June, 1716, he was dismissed from all his places and went into violent opposition, the Pretender's agents even having great hopes of his accession to their cause. In 1719 he again joined the Ministry, in the crisis of the new coalition which, under Cardinal Alberoni, had been formed against the House of Hanover in the interest of the Stuarts, Argyll not relishing apparently the intrusion of this foreign element. He was appointed High Steward of the Household4 and on the 30th of April created Duke of Greenwich. He supported the Bill for limiting the number of Peers, was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance in June, 1725, and in January, 1731, on resigning the Stewardship of the Household, was made Governor of Ports- mouth, and in January, 1735, a field-marshal. In 1725 he had succeeded, with the powerful assistance of his brother Archibald, Lord Isla, in obtaining the complete command of Scotland, against a coalition with which the English Ministry for some time balanced

him called the Squadrone. But in 1737 the Porteous riots brought Argyll into collision with the Ministry, he strongly opposing and resenting the measures entertained and adopted by the Government for the punishment of the magistracy and city of Edinburgh. The Duke had established a seat near that city which

he called Caroline Park, and had made himself very popular there by his courteous and patriotic demeanour. From this time he began to oppose the Government occasionally, and in 1739 he opposed them habitually ; but Walpole temporized, and was loth to break altogether with so powerful an ally, though Lord

Isla had now quite separated himself from the Duke, and the House of Campbell was in consequence divided in influence. But at last the Minister's patience was exhausted, and on the 6th of May, 1740, Argyll was dismissed from all his employments. The Pretender wrote a letter to him hoping to induce him to declare himself on his side, but though the Duke certainly coquetted with the Jacobites, and was so incensed at the news of his dismissal from his offices, that he exclaimed to Keith, the brother of the Earl Marischal and a determined Jaco- bite, "Fall flat, fall edge, we mast get rid of these people ; yet Keith felt that though the words "might imply both man and master," they might mean only "the man," and Argyll accordingly sent the Pretender's letter to the Ministers. On the downfall of Walpole, the Duke joined with Chesterfield and others in forming a sort of separate clique in the coalition party, professing himself to think the Tories badly treated in the new arrangements. But he accepted the office of Commander-in-Chief on the 24th February, 1742, but kept it only a few days, resigning on the 10th of March, in consequence of the appointment of the Marquis of Tweeddale as Secretary of State for Scotland. He now retired from public, and devoted himself to private life, being much beloved by his friends and dependents, and doing much to. improve his property, while observing the most scrupulous punc- tuality in the payment of his debts and the discharge of his current expenses. He became, however, by degrees paralyzed, and his mind was at length affected to such an extent that he sank into a state of deep melancholy, in which he lingered on for some months, until death released him on the 4th of October, 1743. He was twice married, but left only four daughters, and was succeeded in his Scotch dignities by his brother Archibald, Lord Isla.

Archibald, who succeeded as third Duke of Argyll, was born at Ham House, the seat of his grandmother, the Countess of Dysart and Duchess of Lauderdale, in June, 1682. He remained in England till he was seventeen, when he was sent to the Univer- sity of Glasgow and thence to Utrecht, and attained considerable proficiency in the civil law, intending it as his profession. But. he abandoned the idea on his father's being made a duke, and entering on the military life, served under Marlborough, and had a regiment of foot and the governorship of Dumbarton Castle. But he preferred politics to the camp, being altogether of a more subtle and pliant character than his brother. La 1705 he was appointed Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and nominated one of the Commissioners for the Union in 1706,, and on the 19th of October in that year was created Earl and Viscount of Isla, Lord Ormsay, Dunoon, and Arrase, with limi. tation to the heirs male of his body. He was chosen one of the sixteen representative Peers of Scotland continuously for fifty-two. years (till his death), with the exception of the last Parliament of Anne. On his brother's resignation in 1708 he was appointed one of the extraordinary Lords of Session, in 1710 Lord Justice- General of Scotland, and in 1711 sworn of the Privy Council. He strongly opposed Harley and St. John's administration, and at the general election in 1713, though excluded himself from the re- presentative peerage, he was the chief instrument in securing the return of thirty-four or thirty-five Whigs, out of the forty- five Scotch representatives in the House of Commons. On the accession of George I. he was appointed Lord Chief Registrar, and during the rebellion of '15 went into the West Highlands to oppose General Gordon, who was endeavouring to strike a blow at the House of Campbell as a diversion for the Earl of Mar. He joined his brother half-an-hour before the battle of Sheriff Muir, and was wounded in two places in that engage- ment. On the occasion of the malt-tax riots in 1725 he was sent down to Edinburgh, and succeeded in breaking up the combination of the brewers, being rewarded with the office of Keeper of the Privy Seal, which was taken from the Duke of Roxburgh. From this time he became a great favourite with Sir- Robert Walpole, whom he uniformly supported, virtually governing Scotland as his representative with such authority as to be styled "the King of Scotland," and under his liberal and partial patron- age those of the name of Campbell attained to a degree of wealth and importance superior to that of any other surname in Scotland. On the Porteous Bill, along with his brother (neither of them be. as Scott represents in the Heart of Midlothian, at this f " e estranged from the Court), he opposed it strongly at first, but .i.e to a compromise with Walpole, by which he withdrew his o

P°6- tion, though not daring to support it, on condition of the two baffles of Edinburgh (appointed, says Lord Hervey maliciously, by himself) being exempted from punishment, the provost (who was no nominee of his) being left to punishment, and the town guard taken away. The elder brother, however, as we have seen, persisted in his opposition, and from that time the two brothers became more and more estranged. Sir Robert Walpole, says Lord Hervey, "mortally hated" the elder brother, and that nobleman him. The Duke, he says, at this time "loved his brother Lord Isla much better than he was beloved by him," and avers that "Lord Isla male the passions of his brother, though he was always condemning him for his heat and his im- practicability, of great use to him ; for whenever Sir Robert Walpole asked him to do anything he had no mind to, he always pretended to be willing himself, and to lay his not doing it on the impossibility of bringing his hot, obstinate brother to comply with him, and at the same time owned to Lord Hervey that he had had such precaution in the choice of those men whom he had brought into either House of Parliament, that knowing his brother's vio- lence and sudden turns (these were his words), "I have contrived it so that if my brother should run mad and break with the Court, there are not three people in Parliament who will follow him unless I go along with them." It is certain that Isla counteracted his brother's plans as much as possible when he went into opposition to Walpole's administration. Nothing can be more contradictory than the estimates formed of his character by dif- ferent historians. Lord Stanhope, in mentioning the death of John Duke of Argyll, and that he was succeeded by his brother, "and of late his bitter enemy," the Earl of Isla, says that the former's "great name was lowered by his rapid changes and recent Jacobite connections," but that "never did such near kinsmen display less affinity of mind. With all his faults and follies, Argyll was still brave, eloquent, and accomplished, a skilful officer, and a princely nobleman. Isla, on the contrary, was base and mean—' his heart is, like his aspect, vile,' says Hanbury Williams—suspected of having betrayed Walpole in his fall, I believe unjustly, yet seldom on any occasion swayed either by gratitude or generosity."

Others take a higher view of Isla's character, and Macaulay speaks of him with great respect, as " distinguished by talents for business and command, and by skill in the exact sciences." His private life was certainly not as untarnished as his brother's, and altogether, though he may have been more of a statesman and ruler, he seems to have been morally of a lower stamp of charac- ter. Dr. Alexander Carlyle, in his autobiography, speaks of him as detesting the "High Flying," or more rigidly Puritan, party in the Scotch Church, and mentions him as speaking at an ecclesiastical convention with ability and dignity. Of course Lord Isla, succeeding to the Dukedom of Argyll in 1743, was in "the '45" an adherent of the House of Hanover. But he does not figure prominently in the struggle in Scotland, the Earl of Loudoun taking the lead on the Hanoverian side in that country. But Argyll was active in carrying out the excellent plan adopted after the suppression of the rebellion of embodying the Highlanders into regiments and incorporating them into the Royal Army. Under the Jurisdiction Act of 1747, which took away the hereditary jurisdictions of the great landed proprietors, Argyll was allowed as compensation for the office of Justiciary of Aegyllehire and the Western Islands, 15,0001.; for the Sheriffship of Argyll, 5,0001.; and for the regality of Campbell, 1,000/. He remained at the head of affairs in Scotland till his death, which occurred when he was sitting in his chair at dinner, April 15, 1761, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. He had a considerable talent for conversation, and collected one of the finest libraries in the United Kingdom. He was Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen, and a great promoter of the School of Physic at Edinburgh. He built the castle of Inverary, selling for the purpose the barony of Daddingston, which came from the Duchess of Lauderdale. Though he married he left no legitimate children, and bequeathed all his English property to his mistress, Mrs. Ann Williams, and his sou by her, William Williams, alias Campbell, who became a lieutenant- colonel in the army.

He was succeeded in the family titles and estates in Scot- land by his cousin, John Campbell of M.amore, son of the Hon- ourable John Campbell, second son of Archibald, ninth Earl of Argyll (the Earl executed in 1685). Neither this Duke nor his , three successors attained anything like the position held by the second and third Dukes. The fourth Duke was by profession a soldier, and acted as head of the Argyll Campbells during "the '45," of course on the Hanoverian side, was a Groom of the Bedchamber tkGeorge II. and III., and is best known as the husband of the beantiful and witty Mary Be,llenden, Maid of Honour to Queen Caroline. He served in the House of dommona and as a represen- tative peer for Scotland, and died on the 9th of November, 1770. Two of his younger sons, Lords Frederick and William Campbell. were men of some ability, the latter (au officer in the navy) bek_ Governor of South Carolina at the breaking out of the American Revolution, and having the charge of the negotiations with the Indians which caused such an outcry. The eldest son, John, fifth Duke of Argyll, served in the Falkirk and Culloden campaign with 1,000 Highlanders, whom he had raised, his father with the rest taking charge of the West Highlands. He sat in the House of Commons and was created during his father's lifetime an English peer as Baron Sondridge of Coombank, in Kent. He married Elizabeth, Dowager-Duchess of Hamilton and Brandon, who was created on the 4th of May, 1776, Baroness Hamilton of Hameldon, in Leicestershire, with remainder to the heirs male of

her body. He paid much attention to his estates, and was President of the Highland Society, and dying May 24, 1806, was succeeded by his son George William, sixth Duke, a very handsome man of pleasure, who was better known at the West End of London than in Scotland, and dipped the family property deeply by his extra- vagance. He became Baron Hamilton on the death of his half- brother the Duke of Hamilton in 1799, and dying October 22, 1839, was succeeded by his brother John Douglas Edward Henry, seventh Duke of Argyll, a man of no political position, and he again on the 26th of April, 1817, by his son George Douglas, eighth and present Duke of Argyll, a man who has attained a higher political position than any of the Dukes since the two distinguished brothers at the commencement of the Hanoverian dynasty. He has served creditably if not brilliantly in several offices under the Whig Governments, and by steady self-denial and a system of letting which, while it will destroy his patriarchal chieftainship, will restore him to the rank of a wealthy landed proprietor, has done much to retrieve the family fortunes.

Our necessary limits prevent our more than alluding to the great Loudoun and Breadalbane branches of the Campbells. The Earl- dom of Loudoun is now held by the Marquis of Hastings as grand- son of Flora Campbell, Countess of Loudoun, wife of the celebrated Governor-General of India. The most distinguished peer of this branch is the first Earl, who pursued much the same political course with his kinsman the Marquis of Argyll. Indeed the Campbells have generally moved together in all the great political crises of our national history. The Breadalbane title originated with the eleventh head of the Glenorchy branch of the Campbells, who was created in 1681 Earl of Breadalbane and Holland. John, the fourth Earl, was created in 1831 Marquis of Breadalbane and Earl of Ormelie, but these latter titles expired with his son John, second Marquis, who was distinguished as the only great noble- man in Scotland who adhered to the Free-Church movement. He died in November, 1862, and was succeeded as sixth Earl of Breadalbaue by his cousin, John Alexander Gavin Campbell, the present Earl, with whom the politics of the family change from Whig to Tory. The vast territorial possessions of this branch of the Campbells eclipse those of the elder or Argyll branch, of which they form geographically the continuation. The Breadalbane estate stretches a hundred miles, with a breadth of thirty miles, from TAYMOUTII Castle on Loch Tay to Oban on the west coast of Scotland, and contains many hundreds of square miles.