fforeign anb

Powaro.—The Austrian General, Count Castiglione, took possession of Cracow on the 16th of this month, in the name of the Emperor of Aus- tria; and handed the civil government over to the Count Maurice de Deyme, Aulic Commissioner. The two: Counts assembled all the civil and mili- tary authorities in the Palace of the Senate; and two documents author- izing the proceedings were read by Count Castiglione, in the German and Polish languages. A salute of twenty-one guns was fired; Count Cas- tiglione presided over a public banquet, at which the chief toast was "The Emperor," the chief music the Austrian authem; and at night the official buildings were illuminated. The popular aspect, it is said, was that of deep melancholy. The official documents read by the Count consist of an edict, bearing date the 11th November, signed by the Emperor of Austria and counter- signed by three of his Ministers; and of a proclamation by Count Castig- lione, dated at Cracow on the 16th. The proclamation embodies the " conventions " agreed to between the Three Powers on the 6th instant. It sets forth very fully the reasons which have induced the present measure. We must subject the document to abridgment

By the treaty of May 1815, Cracow was established as a strictly neutral city. During twenty years, however, it has been the focus of disturbances, revolt, and war; which would fully sanction Austria, Prussia, and Russia, to "use all the rights conferred by war." But the Three Powers have no wish to commit any act of vengeance against the city: they wish to establish peace and order, and to protect the inhabitants. Cracow is too feeble to resist the continual intrigues of Polish emigrants, who hold the city in moral slavery. " Enterprises of this nature are an evident violation of the treaty of the 3d of May 1815, as well as of the 2d article of the constitutional statutes framed for the free city of Cracow on the 30th of May 1838." And " the conventions above- mentioned, relating to Cracow, between the Three Powers, have only been repeated in the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th articles of the general act of the Congress of Vienna of the 9th of June 1815, in order that this act should embrace the differ- ent results of the arrangements concluded during the private negotiations be- tween the Cabinets." The Three Powers, therefore, in changing the order of things agreed to in the year 1815, merely exercise an undoubted right. They hare, therefore, agreed on the following resolutions- " 1. The three above stated Courts of Austria Prussia, and Russia revoking the articles of the treaties relating to the city of Cracow, concluded, the one be- tween his Majesty the Emperor of Russia and the Emperor of Austria, and the other between the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia, and signed the 31 of May 1815, in the same manner the additional treaty between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, of the same day, is revoked and suppressed.

"2. The city of Cracow and its territory are, in consequence, restored to Aus- tria and reunited to the Austrian monarchy; to be held in possession by his Int- perial, Royal, and Apostolic Majesty, as before the year 1809." The accompanying edict recapitulates these reasons for intervention; alluding particularly to the events of February last, when " the fate of the city was abandoned to a handful of conspirators." " Those events have precluded the possibility of restoring liberty and independence to Cracow"; and its future fate has been taken into serious consideration, in order to protect the peaceful inhabitants of Gallicia and Cracow from the attacks and intrigues of the anarchical party-

" With that view, deliberations have been entered into with the special Plenipo- tentiaries of the Courts of Berlin and St. Petersburg; the result of which has beers the conclusion of a convention, signed at Vienna on the 6th of November of the present year, and in virtue of which the three Protecting Powers of the city of Cracow revoke and suppress the treaties of the ad of May 1815. That city and its territory consequently return under our sceptre, as they belonged, previous to the peace of 'Vienna of the 14th October 1809, to our late father and our ances- tors. IA have, for that reason, taken possession of the city and its territory We annex them for ever to our Crown, and declare them to form an inseparable portion of our empire, with which we incorporate them."

Count Maurice de Deyme is appointed to take possession of Cracow as Attila Commissary; and the inhabitants are enjoined to obey all ordinances. "On the other hand, we promise them the maintenance and protection of our holy religion, impartial justice, an equal assessment of taxes, and a full and en- tire guarantee of public security,—to those who shall render themselves worthy of our grace, by submitting immediately to the present measure, which will prove beneficial to them, and by their loyalty and devotedness to our family. They will ever find us a mild prince and a gracious emperor; and we will exert ourselves strenuously to procure to them the blessings which their annexation to a great and mighty monarchy is calculated to confer on the inhabitants of Cracow."

Before this event was consummated, the Augsburg Gazette published, several extracts of letters from Vienna, the "frontiers of Poland," and the "frontiers of Russia," announcing the result, with anticipatory excuses for it.

Here is one passage, dated "frontiers of Russia, November 11"— • "It is said that the two Powers of Germany have but reluctantly consented to the annexation of Cracow. Russia insisted, and ended by declaring that one of the Three Powers must take possession of Cracow. Russia said to Austria, to- which Power the possession of Cracow devolved according to treaties—' You or I; that, after the Republic's treason in the Gallician affair, it had forfeited all rights to an independent existence, and that it would be ridiculous to talk of its neutrality; that those who defended Polanism evidently knew not what the word meant; that it was the bitterest enemy of the Three Powers' and they bad a right and were compelled to defend themselves.' Seeing the treaties concluded between the Three Powers respecting the eventual incorporation it is to be re- gretted that it had not taken place earlier. What bloodshed and calamities would have been avoided! As for the possession of Cracow, it is insignificant unless in a military point of view. Great financial sacrifice will be required in taking possession of the place; and as Cracow is poor, a compensation can scarcely be expected. But the defensive strength of Germany against her Eastern neigh- bour acquires a notable increase as compared with the previous state of things; and this IS what does honour to the rectitude of the Emperor Nicholas."

Fuericn.—The Cracow affair absorbs attention in Paris. All the Oppo- sition and Ministerial journals express indignation at it; and the subject. has been discussed in diplomatic and official communications. The Paris correspondent of the Morning Chronicle relates what passed in two of these- communications. The first was an interview held at the request of M. Guizot, between himself and Lord Normanby, on Thursday the 19th— "At this interview, M. Guizot communicated to Lord Normanby a despatch which he had addressed to M. de Jarnac, the French chargé d'affaires in London. In this document M. Guizot expresses a strong opinion on the gross violation of the treaty of Vienna committed by the Northern Powers, in destroying the inde- pendence of the republic of Cracow; and, after pointing out that the question was one which interested England fully as much as it did France he expressed a hope that the two countries will unite in a joint protest against flagrant an act of usurpation. He then delivered to Lord Normanby a copy of the despatch. Lord Normanby, in answer to this communication, is said to have remarked, that when France concluded the Montpensier marriage' in violation of the treaty of Utrecht, and in the face of a formal protest on the part of England, he (Lord Normanby) then intimated to the French Minister, that should any event hereafter arise which called for the interference of France and England, it could not be- expected that England would concur in any joint action, but that she would reserve to herself' the liberty of acting separately and independently; and he- added that this being the first case of the kind which had occurred, be- could not hold out any expectatien that the English Government would depart from its previously expressed intentions in this respect. To this- M. Guizot is said to have replied, that in communicating his despatch to the Count de Jarnac to Lord Normanby, he did not expect any opinion of his Lordship on the conduct to be followed by the English Government in the affair; that he thought a joint protest from both Powers would be more effective than separate protests; and that he therefore wished to make the proposition to the English Government. Upon this Lord Normanby said, he would transmit the despatch to his Government; and so the interview ended. This is the account of the affair circulated in the salons of Paris, and 1 wish to guard you against the supposition of its being anything beyond that. I believe, however, that there is no doubt that M. Guizot, at the same time that he proposed the joint protest, kept back his reply to Lord Palmerston's last note on the subject of the Montpensier marriage; which is fully prepared, and which is only postponed until the determination of the English Government on the subject of t,racow shall be made known."

The next communication is described by the same person, writing on Tuesday— "lam informed that M. Guizot yesterday received the answer of Lord Pal- merston to the proposition addressed to his Lordship through the Count de Jarnac, that England should unite with Franca in a joint protest against the destruction of the independence of Cracow, and the annexation of that republic to the Austrian dominions. A Council of Ministers was immediately ,rsalled, and it is said that the noble Lord's answer produced a very painful -impression, not only on account of the substance, but the form of the answer. Lord Palmerston declared at once, and in the most positive terms, that the French Cabinet must expect no simultaneous and united action between France and England in respect to the affairs of Cracow. Some members of the Cabinet are said to have expressed dissatisfaction that M. Guizot should have made the first advances towards England, or have been the first to ask Lord Palmerston to it in conjunction with France, without having in the first instance got some assurance that the proposition would be well received. The members of the Cabinet differed also greatly as to the steps now to be taken by France with respect to the Northern Powers. M. Guizot was of opinion that France should at once, and in a strong and energetic protein, assume an imposing attitude: but his opinion was not received with that unanimity among his colleagues to which he Las been accustomed. M. Duchatel, and some other members of the Ministry, are said to have expressed their opinion that a protest would be of no use, and would be only ridiculous if not followed by some more active demonstration; and that any real demonstration might lead to a general war. They were therefore of opinion that it was better not to be in too great haste in the matter, and that they ought to wait to see what would be done by England. The Council is said to have broken up without coming to any resolution on the point."

-Other rumours are afloat,—that the " split " in the French Cabinet will oblige M. Guizot to retire; that Count Mold will form a Cabinet; and that Louis Philippe holds a reconciliation with England to be so far pres- ring as to have "ordered" the Count de St. Aulaire back to London. " For this -empressement," says the correspondent of the Times," there is a reason not generally known—namely, that a little less of anger than pre- viously has lately appeared in the demeanour of Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell in their intercourse with Count Jarnae."

The .Tournal des Debuts puts forth this statement respecting a fortress which under the treaty of Vienna ought to remain for ever dismantled. "Fear companies have received orders to march from the garrisons of Mul- house and Seifert, and take up their quarters at Huninguen, it is believed for the winter."

Don Enrique arrived in Paris on the 19th, on his way to Madrid; invited, it is said, by Queen Isabella.

The Bey of Tunis arrived at Paris on Sunday, after a right royal "pro- gress" through France. He was immediately visited by the Duke of iffontpensier; who congratulated him on his arrival in the capital of France. -43n the following day, the Bey went to the Tuileries: where he was most graciously received by King Louis Philippe.

There have been food-riots in some provincial towns. At Tours, on Saturday, the populace resisted the exportation of grain; soldiers were called out; and many people were wounded, others arrested. On Wed- nesday, the people of Boulogne resisted the export of potatoes and cattle for England. M. Adam, the Mayor, was mobbed, the Sous-Prefet was nearly killed; in the midst of the turmoil, twenty-five cattle were let loose • and chased about the town; and in the evening the Mayor was serenaded with the " Marseillaise." He ran out of his house, sword in hand, to fight -the mob alone; and was timeously rescued from the consequences of his 'bravery by the mounted National Guard. The authorities refused to stop the export of potatoes; but the Mayor wrote to Paris, begging for the free admission of American flour from England: as the law stands, it is prohibited

• unless shipped direct from America. The town was quiet on Thursday. Poi:alio-ex.—The Lisbon mail of the 20th has been received. The in- telligence is checkered. Both the Royalists and the Rebels claimed suc- oesses: on the whole the most decided advantages have been obtained by -the Queen's forces; but the balance of hope still seems to lie on the other

• side.

The Visconde de Setubal had been obliged to raise the siege of Evora, after firing at it for days without effect.

An engagement took place at Chaves, in the North, on the 17th instant, . between the insurgents tinder the Visconde Sa da Bandeira and the Queen's troops under the Baron Casal, in which the revolted forces were beaten with a loss of one or two hundred killed and wounded; and afterwards, - two regiments deserted to the Queen's side. It was supposed that Casal would march onward and attack Oporto.

The blockade of that place was in suspense; bad weather having obliged 'the war-ships to put into Vigo, and merchant-ships made active use of the 'truce.

It proves to be quite untrue that the English frigate America was fired 'upon in entering Oporto: she draws too much water to cross the bar. It was reported, as the mail left Lisbon, that the Conde des Antes had attacked the Duque de Saldanba's advanced posts; but the result was not known.

Saldauha is much blamed for a public despatch to the King Consort, in which he says that Colonel Wylde is convinced as much as he is that the insurrection is no popular and spontaneous movement: this is viewed as grossly violating Colonel liVylde's neutral character, and is presumed to be a fabrication on the part of Saldanha.

On the 14th, a Royal decree made its appearance, declaring Bank-of- Lisbon notes to be legal tenders; and the punishment for refusing them transportation' besides a penalty of from 50 to 500 milreis. It was further declared that all special bargains stipulating for payment in coin were null and void; and that offenders against the decree were not to be allowed bail or trial by jury. The merchants remonstrated, and the most offensive pas- sages were modified in a subsequent decree.

Irsrr.—The Daily News has a letter from Rome describing a popular festival of a novel character in that city. On the 10th instant, a public banquet was given in the A.liberti Theatre, at which eight hundred Roman citizens assembled to celebrate the return of the political exiles. "The boxes were crowded with thousands (?) of spectators. This demonstration was got up at a few days' notice. The committee consisted of men of the • middle class—an order of mankind never yet heard of in Roman affairs. Their names deserve record: they were, Orioli, son of the exiled Professor (who has returned from Corfu to his native university of Bologna); Naftali, a bookseller; Delfrate, an artist; Thomasson, a man of letters'; and De Andreis, a printer." The guests were gathered on an elevated platform. Fervent orations were delivered by Signor Chechetelli Professor Segani, sine of the exiles, Dr. De Domenicis, and Signor Storbini, another returned exile. This gentleman began in prose, but, "kindling with his subject, he burst forth into poetry, or a kind of measured recitative; in the chorus of which the whole assembly, as if whirled into a vortex of ecstacy, soon joined." Some nobles who staid away were the object of a riotous hooting hefore the Borghese Palace; but apologies and sager counsel appeased the tumult. A Papal decree has renewed an ordinance of 1732 which declared An- cona and Sinigaglia free ports. Entrepots are to be established at both places. The decree authorizing the construotion of railways in the Roman States has now been issued. The railroads determined upon are—one to the Nea- politan frontier, by the Valley del Sacco; one from Porto•d'Anzio to Rome; one from Rome to Civita Vecchia; one from Rome to Ancona, and froni thence to Bologna, following the ancient Via Flaminia-Emilia. The exe- cution of these lines is to be confided to private companies.

Tunnxr.—Letters from Constantinople, of the 9th instant, contain shocking accounts of a massacre of Nestorian Christians, in Kurdistan, by Bedr Khan Bey. Anticipating no resistance, Bedr Khan marched into the country of the Nestorians divided his army into small bands, and sacked thirty-six villages. The fuhabitants were killed, after women and children of both sexes had been subjected to the utmost tortures of profligacy and cruelty. Many were impaled, among them two Bishops. The Porte promises the French and English Ambassadors to punish Bedr Khan; but is powerless; and it is not improbable that this outrage is provoked by in- trigues of the Porte with the Nestorian Patriarch to undermine the con- tumacious chief, who is too strong to be crushed. Bedr Khan had sent three hundred Christian heads to Moussoul, with the message, that if he were molested he would send to Constantinople enough Turkish heads to make a pyramid. M. Odillon Barrot was presented to the Sultan, lately, at Constantinople; and the conversation is reported. The Sultan said—" I am delighted to see you; I have heard of you much; I am aware of your sympathies for my empire. I hope that public opinion in France will do justice to my efforts in favour of civilization: the difficulties which I have to surmount are great, but I shall triumph over them." M. Barrot replied dramatically: he asked the Sultan to "pardon the emotion which he felt "; and, after a complimentary sentence or two, added—" The prosperity of the empire is not only of importance to Turkey, but interests in a high degree the inde- pendence of nations and the peace of the world. On this point there is but one opinion in France." The Sultan rejoined—" I am aware of the senti- ments of France, and I reckon on her support."

Letters have been received from Bagdad to the 15th October. The cholera had almost disappeared, after having committed dreadful ravages in that city. Out of a population of 35,000, the deaths in a fortnight amounted to 4,000. The English Consul had taken up his residence at Ctesiphon, within six hours' journey of Bagdad, in order to avoid the dis- ease. The Consul-General of France, who remained in the city, was at- tacked; but, by the attentions of an Italian physician who happened to be travelling in the country, be was restored to health. Father St. Al- phonse, the head of the Latin mission, and Reschid Effendi, brother of Fnad Effendi, who was Turkish Ambassador in Spain, were both car- ried off.

[Letters from Tabriz state that the cholera appeared there on the 11th of October, and in the three first days carried off 150 persons. Prince Bahuran-Mirza, brother of the King of Persia, quitted the place with his court. His example was followed by the rich European and Native inhabitants.] lisnra.—In the Postscript to our second edition last Saturday, we gaVe a short summary of the important news brought by the overland mall from Bombay. By these advices it is evident that the position of matters in the North-west provinces has again become complicated, and the pro- spect of our being soon able to evacuate the Punjaub is very doubtful. In conformity with the treaties of last March, Gholab Singh had for some months been endeavouring, though unsuccessfully, to prevail updn Sheik Emaum-ood-Deen to render up possession of the Yale of Cashmere. The Sheik, who is the son of one of Gholab's own former confederates, and has governed that district for many years, refused to surrender it, and pro- ceeded to make an armed resistance. Gholab sent a force to reduce him; but the mountaineers of Cashmere appear to have beaten Gholab's forces in two encounters. Sheik Emaum has assumed the title of Emir-ool- Moomenin; and has attempted to give to his resistance the character ofsa religious war against the Sikhs, whether under Gholab or under the La- hore Government. Thus embarrassed by his new and refractory subjects, Gholab applied to the British authorities for assistance. They have ac- cordingly sent a force of 6,000 men, under General Wheeler, from the Jullunder Doab, to protect Gholab's capital, while he proceeds with all his forces to put down the rebellion. The British have also persuaded the Government of Lahore to aid Gholab with 10;000 men; and, accord- ing to report, it was even contemplated that our forces should move towards Cashmere to support Gholab's operations.

Cashmere is known as a remarkable but healthy and fertile tract to the North-west of the Punjaub; about 120 miles in length and '?0 in breadth. It was annexed to the Dooranee empire by Ahmed Shah, in 1752. In 1819, Runjeet Singh subdued it by intrigues, and governed it by Mahommedans. After the defeat of the Sikhs in March last, it was ordered to form a part of the kingdom which the Governor-General con- ferred on Gholab Singh. The Vale of Cashmere has seven passes through which it may be entered; but they are scarcely available for even horses. The son of the old Governor may seize these passes, and defy Gholab dur- ing the winter months, that is, until May next.

The conduct of the Sheik is by some attributed to intrigues set on foot by the Lahore Government, in the fulness of their hatred to the new Ma- harajah.

Among other difficulties, it seems that the Nazim of Moultan, a Efindoo, who farmed that district from Runjeet Singh, is also refractory, and refuses to receive the troops of the Lahore Government into his forts. At the end of last year, when ordered to have 60,000 men ready to oppose Sir Charles Napier, he coolly told the Lahore rulers that he would not, for he preferred the English rule to theirs. It is therefore supposed that Sir Charles Na- pier will ere long have to move troops up the Indus towards Bhawulpore, and perhaps even to take possession of Moulton, which is the great entrepot for trade with Afghanistan and all the surrounding districts.

Scinde is tranquil and healthy. Sir Charles Napier remained at Ktuna- Ghee. The withdrawal of some Native regiments was spoken of.

A bloody revolution has taken place at Katmancloo, the capital of Ne- pan], one of the largest and most important "independent" sovereignties in India. Its people are fierce, brave, and warlike; and the physical aspect of the country renders it in many parts almost inaccessible to an invadipg army. It is in length about 466 and in average breadth about 115, coin- prising an area of above 5,000 square miles. With the various chiefs and rulers of this mountain-land we have for many years lived in terms of amity, generally retaining a resident at Ratmandoo, the capital. To this Mr. Colvin, private secretary to Lord Auckland, had some time since been appointed; and he had just quitted the residency on account of sickness when the outbreak d6curred. The tragedy commenced by the murder of General Gaggun Singh, amen of low origin and the paramour of the Queen. To avenge his death, the Maharanee procured the massacre of the Prime Minister, and of hundreds of other influential persons. She is the second wife of the Maharajah, and is jealous of his eldest son by a former mar- riage. Her husband has fled, and there is a prospect of more carnage in that wretched country.

Sir David Pollock, the new Chief Justice, had arrived at Bombay; but would not take the oaths until the departure of his predecessor, Sir Henry Roper, which was fixed for the 2d November.

CAPE OF GOOD Hora.,—Advic.es from Cape Town, to the 30th October, report no decisive movement on the frontier. The Volunteers were show- ing much discontent at being kept in the field without adequate food and shelter. The majority of the Stellenbosch Burghers had left their camp to return home.

Baam...—Intelligence had reached Rio on the 1st October, that the act for the admission of Brazilian sugar had passed the House of Com- mons.

The woods and forests of Brazil were in progress of being inspected by Commissioners appointed by the Government for their exploration, and ascertaining the different qualities of the timber-trees; and a national apo- thecaries-hall had been established at Rio, for developing the properties of the immense diversity of drugs produced in the empire.

Rio DE LA PIA/A.—It appears by the papers received from Rio de Ja- neiro up to the 1st October, that a proclamation had been issued from the authorities at Monte Video, declaring the armistice at an end. Hostilities had recommenced in the Rio de la Plata on the 15th September. It was reported that Oribe's troops were deserting in great numbers.