THE HOWARDS.-(C N CLUSION.)

HENRY FREDERICK, his successor, had been summoned to the House of Peers March 21, 1639, as Baron Mowbray, vote l against the attainder of the Earl of Stafford, and took the King's side throughout the contest. He had a violent scene during this period with the passionate Earl of Pembroke in the Lords, which led to their both being sent for the time to the Tower. He attended the King's summons to York, and followed his fortunes, having his estate sequestrated by the Parliament till the close of the first war. He was then summoned by his father to Padua, and on his death obtained a pass from the Parliament to come to England, where he arrived in February, 1647, and submitting himself to their pleasure was ordered to remain in restraint in his own house in London. He was admitted to composition in Novem- ber, 1648, for 6,000/. (to be paid for the use of the Navy), in consi- deration of his having suffered losses by the Parliament's forces. He afterwards lived in retirement, and died at Arundel House in the Strand, April 7, 1652. He had a large family of children by his wife, from whom are descended all the succeeding Dukes of Norfolk, the eighth son, Colonel Bernard Howard being the ancestor of the present Duke of Norfolk. We must glance very briefly at these later heads of the House of Howard. Thomas, eldest son of Henry Frederick, Earl of Arundel, having never recovered from the brain fever he was seized with in Italy, re- mained during his life under restraint, his next surviving brother, Henry, managing his estates. By Acts of Parliament, December 29, 1660, and December 20, 1661, the Dukedom of Norfolk was restored in the person of this Thomas (on petition of the heads of the Howard family and ninety-one other Peers), and he became fifth Duke, the limitations of the Dukedom including all the existing branches of the family excepting the Effingham. The fifth Duke died unmarried at Padua, December 1, 1677, and was suc- ceeded by his brother Henry, sixth Duke, who had been created, March 27, 1669, Baron Howard of Castle Rising, Norfolk, and October 19, 1672, Earl of Norwich and Earl Marshal of England, with limitations similar to those of the Dukedom. Grammont speaks of him as a man of slender capacity and little or no politeness in his manners. He married Lady Anne Somerset, eldest daughter of Edward Marquis of Worcester, and had by her two sons, and by his second wife, daughter of Robert Biches- ton, had four sons. He died January 11, 1681, and was succeeded as seventh Duke by his eldest son Henry, who was summoned to the Upper House in his father's lifetime, in 1678, as Lord Mow- bray. He was made Knight of the Garter by James If., May 6, 1685, and in the same year Colonel of the 12th Regiment of Foot. He was a firm Protestant, however, and refused to carry the sword of State before the King farther than the door of the Catholic chapel. " My Lord," said James, " your father would have gone farther." "Your Majesty's father," replied the Duke, "was the better man, and he would not have gone so far." He joined in inviting the Prince of Orange, and declared in his favour in Norfolk, raising a regiment which was afterwards sent over to Ireland. He also voted for settling the crown on the Prince and Princess, and on their accession was made a Privy Councilor, Constable of Windsor, Warden of the New Forest, Lord-Lieutenant of Norfolk, Surrey, and Berkshire, &c. He was unlucky in his marriage, his wife, the daughter and sole heiress of the Earl of Peterborough, proving unfaithful, and after much trouble (the lady being supported as a Catholic and a Jacobite by a large party) obtained a divorce from her in 1700, but did not marry again, and died April 2, 1701, without issue. He was suc- ceeded as eighth Duke by his nephew Thomas, who also died with- out issue, December 23, 1732, being succeeded by his brother Edward, ninth Duke. This nobleman was residing with his Duchess at their seat at Worksop in Nottinghamshire (derived from the Talbot alliance) when the young Chevalier approached on his march to Derby ; but the head of the Howards at once left the place and repaired to St. James's, where he was most graciously received by King George. He died in September, 1777, at the great age of ninety-three, without issue, leaving be- hind him memorials of his enterprise in the buildings at Work- sop Manor, and Norfolk House, St. James's. The former, after he had once rebuilt it at a cost of 30,0001., and was about to take possession, caught fire and was burned to the ground, all its con- tents perishing; but the Duke calmly set to work at once to re- build it, laying the foundation-stone holding his young heir by the hand, nor did he desist from the completion of the budding until the death of this heir deprived him of his chief motive. By his death the baronies of Howard, Mowbray, and other ancient baronies of the family fell into abeyance between Lords Stourton and Petre, the rest of the baronies passing to Charles, descendant of the Hon. Charles Howard (of Greystoke, Cumberland), fourth son of Henry Frederick, Earl of Arundel, who became tenth Duke of Nor- folk, who was an author, and wrote anecdotes of his own family. He died August 31, 1786, and was succeeded by his only son, Charles, eleventh Duke of Norfolk, who had sat for Carlisle in Parliament, and was a strong adherent of the Whig party, and a great personal friend of Charles James Fox. He died Decem- ber 16, 1815, without issue, and was succeeded as twelfth Duke by Mr. Bernard Edward Howard, of Glossop, the descendant of Colonel Bernard Howard, eighth son of Henry Frederick, Earl of Arundel. The family now became Catholic again, but the Duke dying March 16, 1812, his son and successor, Henry Charles (thirteenth Duke), afterwards avowed himself a Protestant. On his death, February 18, 1856, his son, Henry Granville Fitzalan Howard (fourteenth Duke), restored the Catholic character of the family with a zeal worthy of his ancestor Philip, Earl of Arundel, of Elizabeth's reign, whose MS. life by his chaplain he edited. Ile took the name of Fitzalan in addition to Howard, and died November 25, 1860, being succeeded by his son, Henry Fitzalan Howard, the present and fifteenth Duke of Norfolk, a youth in the seventeenth year of his age. The acting head of the family is his uncle, Lord Edward Howard, M.P. for Arundel. Another branch of the Glossop Howards is represented by the Howards of Greystoke, which barony had been left by Charles, Duke of Nor- folk, to Henry, next brother of Bernard, twelfth Duke of Norfolk. Another brother of the same Duke is represented by the Roman Monsignore Edward Howard, ex-officer of the English Life Guards, who was sent by the present Pope to inspect and biotin the Irish Papal Brigade before their unfortunate campaign in 1860.

We must now refer briefly to the younger branches of the 'Towards, constituting in themselves great families, and it will be perhaps convenient to take them in chronological order of origin. The first is the Howard of Effingham branch, springing from Lord William Howard, eldest son of the hero of Flodden, by his second wife, Agnes Tylney. After having been employed by Henry VIII. in several embassies as late as the 28th year of his reign, he and his wife and mother were in the 33rd year of the same reign indicted for misprision of treason for concealing what they knew of the misconduct of Queen Catherine Howard, and condemned to perpetual imprisonment, but at length enlarged. He was employed by Edward VI. and was in high favour with Mary and Elizabeth till his death in 1573, being made a Knight of the Garter and Lord Admiral in the 1st of Mary, also Chamberlain of the Household, and confirmed in the office of Admiral in the 1st of Elizabeth. He was created Baron Howard of Effingham, Surrey, 11th March, 1551. His eldest son, Charles, was the celebrated Admiral of the reign of Elizabeth, who commanded the English fleet at the time of the invasion of the Spanish Armada. He was a bold, frank sailor, impetuous and plainspoken, who chafed under the politic wariness and parsimony of Elizabeth and Burleigh. He was born in 1540, and during his early life engaged in several State employments. He was returned for the county of Surrey to the Parliaments of 1563 and 1572, and commanded the horse in the army sent against the Earls of Northumberland and Westmore- land on their rebellion, and had also a command at sea. He had been knighted before 1572, and in 1574 was made a Knight of the Garter and Lord Chamberlain of the Household. In 1586 he was appointed one of the Commissioners to try Mary Queen of Scots, having been constituted Lord High Admiral of England in 1584. His gallant conduct as commander against the Spanish Armada in 1588 established his reputation permanently. The Queen settled a pension on him, and -he was re-appointed in 1596 to command the fleet in company with the Earl of Essex in command of the land forces. They took Cadiz and did great damage besides to the coasts of Spain. On his return Elizabeth, on the 22nd October, 1596, created Lord Howard Earl of Nottingham,

the second title of the Mowbrays, which had become extinct in the Berkeleys, the representatives of the younger Mowbray heiress. James I. in 1618 granted the Earl the precedence of the first Earl of Nottingham of the Mowbray family over all Earls created since. On the mad insurrection of the Earl of Essex he was sent to make him prisoner, in which he succeeded, and the same year he was appointed one of the Commissioners for the office of Earl Marshal. James I. confirmed him in his post of Lord Admiral, and he acted as Lord Steward at the coronation. He was also sent as Ambassador to Spain, and had 15,000/. allowed him for his expenses. At his departure thence he received 20,000/. in presents, besides a pension of 12,000 crowns to himself and 30,000 among his followers. But he was much too indiscreet a talker for such a position, and on his return he met with a verycool reception from the King. His cousin Northampton complained of this weakness in him, which he attributed to vanity, and had a great contempt of his abilities. However, he was sufficiently in favour at the marriage of the Princess 'Elizabeth to be appointed to attend the bride to

church on the left side, Prince Charles walking on the right, and he convoyed the bride and bridegroom with his fleet to the Conti- nent. In 1619, on account of his great age, he resigned the post of Lord Admiral. The King on that occasion re-k

mined to him a debt of 1,8001. and settled a pension on him of 1,000/. a year. He died at Haling House, near Croydon, December 14, 1624, aged eighty-four. Old Fuller says of

him :—" An hearty gentleman, and cordial to his Sovereign, of a most proper person, one reason why Queen Elizabeth (who though she did not value a jewel by, valued it the tnore for, a fair case) reflected so much upon him True it is he was no deep seaman (not to be expected from one of his extraction), but had skill enough to know those who had more skill than him- self, and to follow their instructions. His place was of great profit, though great his necessary, vast his voluntary expenses, keeping (as I have read) seven standing houses at the same time, —at London, Reigate, Effingham, Blechingley, &c., so that the wonder is not great if he died not very wealthy." He was twice married, and the Queen and courtiers of James ridi- culed the old Admiral and his young wife, his youngest son Charles being born when he was seventy-six years old. With the death of this Charles, who was the third Earl of Nottingham, and espoused the cause of the Parliament in the Civil War, the Earldom became extinct in 1681, and the Barony of Howard of Effingham devolved on his cousin, Francis Howard, great grandson of Sir William Howard, second son of the first Baron, and brother of the hero of the Armada. His son Francis was created Earl of Effingham, December 8, 1731, but this Earldom also became extinct in 1816, and the Barony of Howard of Effingham devolved on Kenneth Alexander Howard, descended from the next brother of the first Earl of Effingham. The Earldom of Effingham was re- vived in his person January 27, 1837, and the present Earl, Henry Howard, is his son.

We must next notice the Suffolk branch of the Howards, descended from Lord Thomas Howard, eldest son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk (executed by Elizabeth), by his second wife, Margaret Audley. He inherited his maternal (Audley) estates in Hertfordshire. He was summoned as Baron Howard de Walden, October 24, 1597, and July 21, 1603, created Earl of Suffolk, having been restored in blood in the 27th of Elizabeth. He was in the Armada fight, and was knighted on the occasion by his relative the Lord Admiral. He was also a brave sea officer, and was first summoned as a Peer in reward for his services in the Cadiz expedition. In 1597 he was made a Knight of the Garter, and misted his relative the Admiral in the capture of the Earl of Essex, and he sat on the Earl's trial, being then Constable of the Tower of London. After the accession of James he was made one of the Commissioners for the office of Earl Marshal, Lord Chamber- lain, and was one of those who discovered Guy Fawkes in the Parliament cellars. In 1613 he was constituted Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and on July 11, 1614, Lord High Treasurer of England. He was twice married, but had children only by his second wife, Catherine, eldest daughter and coheiress of Sir Henry Knevet, of CHARLTON in Wiltshire, the present seat of the Suffolk family. This lady was notorious for her rapacious greed for money, and to her is attributed by contemporaries the shameful embezzlements and extortions by which her husband's career was disgraced. One of his daughters, Lady Frances, was the infamous Countess of Essex, who on her divorce from him married the favourite Rochester, and came to such ignominy with him as Countess of Somerset. After the fall of his son-in-law the Earl of Suffolk was accused of embezzling the money paid for the delivery of the cautionary towns by the Dutch, and he was dismissed

from the Treasuryship, and he and his wife sent to the Tower. After an investigation he was fined 30,000/. and released. Pleading inability to pay the fine, a commission was appointed to inquire into the condition of his estate ; but the wily Earl evaded this by making over a great partof it to the (second) Earl of Salisbury, who had married one of his daughters, and to his brother Lord William Howard, so that the fine got reduced to 7,000/. The Earl died at his house at Charing Cross (the present Northumberland House), May 28, 1626. His second son, Thomas (who inherited his mother's estate of Charlton) was created Lord Howard of Charlton (Wilts), and Viscount Andover (Hants), January 23, 1622; and Earl of Berkshire, February 7, 1626. The Earl of Suffolk's seventh son, Sir Edward Howard, Knight of the Bath, was created April 12, 1628, Baron Howard of Escrick, the estate.of Escrick in Yorkshire having been left him by his uncle Sir Thomas Knevet. He took a very active part against the King in the Civil War, became an ardent Republican, was returned for Carlisle after the abolition of the House of Lords, and sat in the Council of State of the Common- wealth, but was detected in receiving bribes, and expelled from both Council and Parliament and fined 10,0001. He died in 1675.

His eldest son Edward was nearly the only Englishman of position who deserted to Charles Li. on his Worcester expedition, but he died before his father. His younger son William, who became third Lord Howard of Escrick, was active against the Catholics at the time of the alleged Popish Plot in the reign of Charles II., and votedfor the condemnation of his relative Lord Stafford. He after- wards turned witness against his friends Lord Russell and Algernon Sydney on their trial, the latter having a mortgage on his estate, and he being in desperate circumstances and in danger himself of losing his head for an alleged plot. He died in 1694, and the barony expired with the death of his son and successor Charles (who

had been proceeded against but not tried for bigamy by the House of Lords) in 1715. The estate had been then so completely dissipated

that it is said the remaining heiress, Anne, fifth child of the first Lord, who married Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle, only brought as her portion a scarlet cloth bed, still shown at Naworth Castle.

James Howard, grandson of the first Earl of Suffolk, who suc- ceeded as third Earl in 1640, espoused the cause of the Parlia- ment and adhered to the Presbyterian party. On his death in 1689 without male issue the barony of Howard of Walden fell into abeyance between his two daughters and coheirs, and has ulti- mately vested in the Ellis family, Barons Seaford, in Sussex, who represent through several heiresses one of the daughters. The Suffolk earldom continued in the descendants of the eldest son of the first Earl until the death of Henry Howard, the tenth Earl,

without issue in 1745. Henry the sixth Earl had been created

Baron Chesterford and Earl of Bindon in his father's lifetime, but these titles became extinct on the death of his son the seventh Earl of Suffolk in 1722. On the extinction of the first line of Earls of Suffolk in 1745 the title devolved on Henry Bowes Howard, fourth Earl of Berkshire, descended from the second sou of the first Earl of Suffolk. This branch had been cavaliers in the Civil War. The present (seventeenth) Earl of Suffolk and (tenth) of Berkshire, Charles John Howard, is the descendant of Philip Howard, a younger son of the first Earl of Berkshire.

With the Carlisle and Corby branches we must conclude our out- line of the Howard history. These spring from Lord William Howard

(" Belted Will" or " Bauld Wylie "), the Lord Warden of the Western Marches under James I., and Elizabeth, sister and coheiress of George, Lord Deere of Gillesland, called "Bessie wi' the braid apron" (alluding to her possessions), whose sister was married to Lord William's brother, Philip Earl of Arundel, from whom he obtained the Naward or Naworth Castle estate, Cumberland, and also Hinderske,lle, in Yorkshire, where stands the present Castle Howard, Corby Castle, &c. Lord William was third son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk, and next brother to the first Earl of Suffolk. He was restored in blood in 1603, and died in August, 1640. His second son, Sir Francis Howard, of Corby Castle, Cumberland, was the ancestor of the present Howards of Corby. Charles Howard, grandson of Lord William's eldest son Philip, was a Colonel in the service of the Parliament during the Civil War, and became particularly attached to the fortunes of Cromwell, who summoned him as Viscount Howard to his "other House." After the downfall of the Crow- wells he began to think of the restoration of Charles II. and co- operated in that event. After it he was created, April 30, 1661, Baron Dacre of Gillesland (Cumberland), Viscount Howard of Morpeth, Northumberland, and Earl of Carlisle. He was also Ambassador to Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, and Governor of Jamaica, and died in 1685. The Carlisle Howards, like the Suffolk Ho wards, have held a respectable secondary rank in the ministries and

politics of England since that time. Frederick, the fifth Earl, a man of considerable literary acquirements, had the fatal taste for gambling, and by this means and other extravagance very seri- ously injured the family position. His grandson, George William Frederick, the seventh and present Earl, has done much to retrieve the fortunes and restore the credit of the family, and is the popular Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.

The adherence of the main branch to the older and unpopular form of Christianity has cut the Dukes off from active politics, and the Protestant branches have of late years accomplished little worthy of note.. Still the Howards won Flodden and commanded against the Armada, they have been almost invariably respectable, and most Englishmen would hear with pleasure that a long minority and a great alliance had rehabilitated a house shorn of late years of much of the splendour which should accompany rank so high and so long enjoyed.