THE - WAR IN ITALY.

The intelligence from the head-quarters of the Allies shows that the war has taken a more active and serious turn. They have made an ad- vance and have gained another victory.

The French on the right withdrew their advanced corps on Sunday from Voghera, Montebello, and Cast,eggio. According to one account this was rendered necessary by presence of the Austrians at Bobbio on the Trebbia, whence they could advance upon the flank and rear of the 1st Corps. But according to another account the right was drawn back in order to connect it ;more closely with the centre which was about to advance. The Emperor also removed his head-quarters to the central position of Casale, and Niel on the left extended his lines up the Bede as fax as Gaftinara.

On Monday, Victor F.mreanuel crossed the Seals, driving the Austrian posts from Palestro, and established himself to the right and left, having his head-quarters and sleeping for the night at Torrione on the Soda. On his right the French under Camrobert drew down to the Scala and threw a bridge over the river. -Early on Tuesday the Austrians, 25,000 strong say the allies, attacked Palestro. As no distinct account has come to hand, we quote the telegrams. "Vercelli May 31.—The Austrians, in great force energetically attacked the King of Sardinia this morning, and tried to hinder our troops from pass- ing the river, but the Sardinians, supported by the division Truehm which, however, took little part in the engagement, valiantly repulsed the Austri- ans. The 3d regiment of Zouaves, which was attached to the Sardinian division, performed wonders. Although unsupported and in front of an Austrian battery of eight guns, which was served by the infantry, the Zou- eves crossed a canal, ascended the heights, which were very steep, and charged the Austrians with the bayonet. More than 400 of the enemy were thrown into the canal, and six pieces of cannon were taken by the 2ouave regiment. The Sardinians also took two pieces of cannon. Our loss was in- considerable. " Turin, May 31.—The following official bulletin was published today at Turin- " A fresh victory has been gained by our troops at 7 o'clock this morning. 25,000 Austrians endeavoured to retake the position of Palestro. The King, commanding the 4th division in person, and General Cialdini, at the head of the 3rd regiment of Zouaves, resisted the attack for a considerable time, and then, after having successfully assumed the offensive, pursued the enemy, taking 1000 of them prisoners and capturing eight pieces of cannon, five of which were taken by the &naves. Four hundred Austrians were drowned in a canal. An Austrian general and several other of the enemy's officers were killed. The Emperor has visited the battle-field, and congratulated the army on the advantageous results of the day.

"During the combat at Palestro another fight took place, at Confienza, in the province of Lomellina, in which the enemy were repulsed by the divi- sion Fanti, after a two hours' conflict." "The Piedmontese army, after having repulsed the enemy along his whole front, was on its right wing for a moment outflanked by the Austrians, who threatened the bridge of boats thrown across the fiesta over which General Canrobert was to effect a junction with the King.

"The Emperor] then despatched the 3d regiment of Zouaves, who, unsup- ported by any artillery, rushed upon the enemy's battery planted on the further side of a deep canal, bayoneting or hurling into the water the com- panies posted on our side of the canal for the defence of the battery and taking two pieces of cannon and 500 prisoners. The Zouaves lost one officer and twenty privates killed and 200 wounded, among whom were ten officers."—.3fohiteur.

" Verona, June-1 (aid Vienna)—The enemy have attacked the vanguard of the 7th corps d'aimee, but their further advance was stopped by the corps d'armee under the command of General Zobel.

"There were a great number of wounded."

-The French papers contain long accounts of what is generally called the battle of Palestro, but what more correctly may be termed a series of encounters. The chief facts of these are as follows. In the afternoon of the 30th of May, Sing Viotor Emmanuel, at the head of the Sardinian army and a French auxiliary corps, chiefly composed of Zouaves, the whole variously estimated from 30,000 to 40,000 men, forced his en- trance into the town of Palestro, where the Austrians had entrenched themselves a few days before. The latter, to the number (according to the ,Tourrial des Debate) of about 25,000, gave way at once before the Sardinian King, but tried to regain the town the next morning, Tuesday, May 31. The King no sooner heard of the approach of the Austrians when he sallied out of town, riding at the head of the division Cialdini and the Zouaves and closely followed by the rest of his army. After a battle of about Zouaves, hours, the enemy was again routed, and retired in great haste, leaving 1000 prisoners and eight cannons in the hands of the allied troops. But not content with this second defeat, the Austrians' in the evening of the 31st, quite unexpectedly returned once more to the charge, and had very nearly retaken Palestro, owing to a momentary confusion among the troops of the King, when, at the last moment, the division of General Fronchu, which had just arrived, decided the fate of the day. Seeing the French come to the rescue in increasing numbers, the Austrians, for the third time, beat the retreat. Their losses in these three successive encounters are believed to be more than 4000 in dead and wounded. Of the losses of the Sardo-Frenoh army nothing is known.

The French papers speak of the passage of the Ticino by the French, but this probably refers to the report of a movement across that river at Sesto Calende by the Sardinians. From Turin we learn that General Niel entered Novara on the morning of June 1, after driving away the Austrian outpost there. Further to the left is Garibaldi. Respecting this chief the reports are most contradictory. From Switzerland we heard that he had advanced to Cantu, then that he was besieging Laveno, next that he had been driven into Switzerland, and from Vienna that he had been cut off in the Valteline, which inflamed by his proclamations had risen in revolt. Another report is that Urban' the Austrian opposed to him, has retaken Varese, and restored Austrian rule, and latest of all that Garibaldi is still at Como. All-we know, is that he has been fighting and marching, losing men, issuing, and taking towns. But where he is or what may have befallen him none know.

The following proclamation was issued by Garibaldi on entering the Lombard territory :

' "Lombards,—You are called to a new life' and you will respond to the appeal as your fathers did of yore at Ponsida and Legnano. The* enemy is the same as ever, pitiless, a black assassin and a robber. Your brethren of very province have sworn to conquer or die with you. It is our task to avenge the insults, the outrages, and the servitude of twenty generations ; it is for us to leave to our childrn a patrimony freed from the pollution of a foreign domination. Victor Emmanuel, chosen by the national will for our supreme chief, sends me to organize you for this patriotic fight. I deeply feel the sanctity of this mission, and I am proud to command you. To arms ! Then bondage must cease. He who can seize an arm and does not is a traitor!- Italy, with her children united, and freed from foreign do- mination, will know how to reconquer the rank which Providence has as- signed her among nations." At Lunigiana, in Parma. the people have risen and pronounced for the King of Sardinia. General Ribotti, with Tuscan troops, military engi- neers, and gendarmes, entered Parma amidst the plaudits of the people, who declared for the King of Sardinia and Italian independence. The Parmesan troops have retired.

The Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour has been conferred by the Emperor on General Foray. The Generals Sonnaz, Blanchard, Cam- briels, and Belfond have been appointed Commanders of the Legion of Honour.

The Intlipendente, of Turin, attributes the following atrocious procla- mation to the Austrian General Zobel, commanding the 7th corps d'armee.

"If any Piedmontese or French detachments, or any patrols, scouts, or agents of the two armies whether in uniform, or in disguise, shall appear, under any pretexts whatsoever, in any part of the territory occupied by the Imperial and Royal troops, every commune and every individual inhabitant of every commune is required, under a severe penalty, immediately to in- form the commandant of the station, and if the particular district should not be actually occupied by the Imperial and Royal troops, then the chief of the nearest military post. Every commune within which any detach- ment, or any single soldier belonging to the Austrian army, may find any patrol or agent of the enemy, will suffer without remission the severest

penalties provided by martial law. In every such case the commune will be sentenced to pay a 'war contribution, under no less a penalty than being delivered up to pillage ; towns compromised will be burnt, and individuals will be shot without mercy. The communes are ordered to cause this pro- clamation to be read in all churches by the clergy from the pulpit, and to be made pubic in every other possible manner. "The Commandant of the 7th Corps d'Armee. "Mortars, May.24. ZOBEL."

Some Of the'Ttiscan volunteers have been guilty of mutiny ; 150 have been disarmed, and six or seven shot.

There are five gunboats at Genoa destined for service on the Lago Maggiore. They are to be sent up in pieces' and filled up at Arena.

The French have taken quarters in Genoa for three years, with the option of two additional terms of three years.

The Austrian account of the battle of Montebello is very interesting in many respects, and it may stand in contrast to the despatch -of General Forey.

General Gyulai to the Emperor,

"Read-quarters, Garlaseo, May 23. " Your Majesty—I hasten humbly to address to your Majesty a report of the first great combat which the troops of your Majesty. have sustained in the present war. As has already been shown by the incomplete reports which serve as elements for this one, all the detachments of the brave army engaged in the fight gave brilliant proofs of courage and firmness.

As I already announced on the 9th of the present month, by telegraph, to your Majesty's First Adjutant-General, I ordered, on the 20tht a grand reconnaissance on the right bank of the Po, because the information I re- ceived from the outposts established along the Scala and the Po led to the belief that the enemy, in strong force, projected a movement against Pia- cenza by Voghera. With this object, three brigades of the 5th corps d'arm‘e were advanced on the night of the 19th from Pavia towards the tete-du- pont of Vaccarizza, where Boer's brigade, belonging to the 3d Corps, was already stationed. For this expedition I gave the command of the 5th Corps to Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Urban, who had previously examined the ground between Stradella' Vaccarizza, and Voghera, and who was stationed with a brigade of the 9th Corps (Major-General Braum) and one of his own reserve divisions (Major-General Schaffgotsche) between the tete-du-pont of Vaccarizza and Brow.

"The expedition, commanded by Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Count Sta- dion consisted, then, of Paumgarten's division (brigades Goal, Bile, and Prince of Hesse) of the 5th Corps ; Braum of the 9th ; and two battalions of Boer's brigade of the 8th Corps, as also the troops of the garrison of Piacenza (Hesse Regiment,) instead of the detachment of Schaffgotsche's brigade, left behind.

" Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Stadion commenced his movement in advance on the morning of the 20th, starting from the tete-du-pont. Lieutenant- Field-Marshal Urban had advanced on the high road towards Casteggio, the 3d battalion of Chasseurs skirting the mountain. Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Paumgarten followed in the plain, with Bile's brigade marching on Casa- tisma, and with Gaal's brigade on Rebecca. His reserve, two and a half battalions strong, and the artillery train, advanced towards Barbianello. The Prince of Hesse's brigade formed the right wing, and marched on Bran- duzzoz, passing through Verrua. Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Stadion's orders were, that after this movement, which ought to be completed at eleven o'clock, the attack should take place at noon ; Lieutenant-Field- Marshal Urban was to carry Casteggio and Montebello so as to have a basis to threaten Voghera, and thus force the enemy to display his strength. Major-General Gael was to follow Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Urban as a reserve. As soon as the enemy had hastily evacuated Monte- bello, Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Urban pushed on to Genestrello, where he found the enemy in superior force, and encountered a sanguinary defence, which, however, the brave jrigers of the 8th and 4th battalions of the regi- ments Hesse and Dom Miguel bravely overcame, and, despite considerable loss, took possession of the heights and Place of Genestrello.

"The enemy, however, soon displayed a superior force, which was con- tinually increased by arrivals by the railway, so that Lieutenant-Field- Marshal Urban's and Gaal's brigade, which had come up to his assistance, were compelled, after great loss but heroic fighting, to fall batik on Monte- bello. Meantime, Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Stadion had brought up Bils's brigade and Hesse's brigade closer to the right wing of the line of battle. The enemy now displayed an overwhelming force against Major. General Gaal and General Braum, with one battalion of Hesse and one bat- talion of Rossbach. After an obstinate fight, Montebello was evacuated. The enemy, who had suffered considerably, was kept in check by the good appearance of our troops and by the position taken by Brigadier Bils's re- serve, and made no pursuit. Ihe corps, scarcely molested in Casteggio, reached the tote du pont at nightfall, and on the 21st halted on the other bank of the Po.

"According to the reports, which are not yet complete, the following troops were engaged at Genestrello under Lieutenant Field-Marshal Urban. The Third battalion of jagers, the Third battalion of Dona Miguel, two battalions of Rossbach, one Grenadier battalion, Hesse, two 8-pounders, four 12-pounders of the Eighth Regiment, and a division of Haller's Hussars. It was here the fight was most sanguinary, and the greatest loss incurred, the enemy being three times our strength. At Montebello the troops engaged were—Two and a half companies of Rossbach, one battalion Grenadiers; Second battalion of Hesse's Infantry, two battalions Archduke Charles's Infantry ; one battalion Granger ; one squadron Hailer's Hussars; four 6-pounders, and two 12-pounders. The troops engaged at Genestrello, when they retreated, came upon a superior force of the enemy, and had to sustain a second encounter.

"The Prince of Hesse, who commanded the Regiment Culoz (Transyl- vanians,)a battalion of Zobel (recruits of Arad, in Hungary,) and three squadrons of Sicily Lancers, engaged the enemy at Calcababbio, (a little to the West of Casatuma,) and Casey° de Lanai. Several times during the action our infantry attacked the enemy's cavalry with the bayonet, and threw them into disorder. It also repeatedly happened that the troops, when advancing to the attack, reserved their fire until they were within thirty paces of the enemy. The Hussars and Lancers made the most dex- terous use of their different weapons. As our artillery advanced quite close to the enemy, its effect was terrible. Very few of our men were wounded by the cannon of the enemy, who fired over their heads. The enemy's in- fantry fired well. The report relative to his cavalry is less favourable. It was not equal to our Hussars and Lancers, and avoided every serious attack.

"As the thunder of the cannon had brought Lieutenant-General Crenne- vile from Broni, where he was with a part of the Brigade Fehlmaye ,r to- wards Casteggio, Lieutenant-General Stadion posted him at Santa °lunette, in order that he might, if necessary, support the B.,.s.de Bile, which had to cover the retreat. As there was no pursuit, General returned in the evening to Stradella. During the advance and retreat General Prince -von Hesse effectually protected the right flank of the corps.

"It appears that we were opposed to the whole corps d'arinee of Bata- guay d'Hilliers and a Piedmontese brigade. According to the reports re- ceived the French had twelve regiments of the line some battalions of Chasseurs, and one regiment of cavalry in action, and the Sardinians one brigade and the cavalry regiment Novara.' The reserves which wore very powerful, were continually reinforced. Field-Marshal-Lieutenant Stadion estimates the force of the enemy at 40,000 men at least. The sacrifice of life was great, but the information acquired by the reconnaissance is ex- tremely satisfactory. I am still in expectation of the detailed reports. Count Stadion speaks highly of the bravery of all the troops engaged. When the detailed reports are sent in I will make known to your Majesty the names of the persons who particularly distinguished themselves. "Unfortunately the sacrifice of life during this glorious battle was very reat. Six hundred wounded men, twenty of whom were officers, have

been brought to Pavia. Major Buttner, of the general staff, who WWI on a special mission at Vdecarizza, and took part in the expedition, and Major Cantes, of the 3d jager battalion, were killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Spiel- berger, and Major Piers (this officer, who had his arm shot off, was probably taken' prisoner by the French), of the Archduke Charles,' are probably dead, as they fell wounded on the field of battle. "I am proud to be able to say that the troops have, by their spirit and courage, proved that they are worthy of your Majesty's favour, and any ex- pression of satisfaction on the part of their illustrious Emperor and Com- mander will be an incentive to glorious deeds."

A list of casualties is appended to this report, and shows the following total numbers-294 men and 20 horses killed, 718 men and 10 horses wounded, and 283 men missing. An official telegram of the 26th instant from Pavia, states that 650 wounded private soldiers and 27 officers are in the hospitals there. Twenty-four of the officers and 367 of their men are dangerously wounded.

M. Amedoe Achard, the most genial as well as best informed of all the French gentlemen despatched by the Paris press to the seat of war, con- tinues to write to the Journal des Dads, and from his letters we extract the following.

"The French and Austrian sharpshooters are stationed on both banks of the Po. They watch each other from morn to night, and shoot each other in what may be called a friendly way across the river. With what a pa- tience does not the little rifleman sit behind a wall or a bush, to look out for a shako, a cavalier, or any other aim ; and no sooner is the enemy espied

when away it flashes and a ball is heard whistling through the air. Our tirailleurs call this exercise the game of the cochonnet.* The balls,' they say, 'are in our rifles, and are called bullets; and as for the wickets, why we ourselves have to stand for them.' And when speaking of the Tyrolese sharpshooters, they make a wry, face, exclaiming, The fellows' no doubt, aim well ; but then, you see, they can't do without a pitchfork.' The so- called instrument is indeed in the possession of the Austrian mountaineers. It is a stick split at the top, into which they lay the barrel of their rifle. They aim slowly and with great deliberation, and fire at a human being as coolly as if it were a chamois.

And giving his own experiences on another much discussed subject, the writer adds-

" They have been talking a good deal about Austrian cruelties, and I was therefore prepared, when visiting the scenes where the Kaiser's troops had been lately staying, to shudder conscientiously. However, entering Vo- ghera, I was, unhappily., or rather happily, compelled to stifle my emotions. The town of Pothers, indeed, as well as all the country around, looked wonderfully well. I entered several inns and a number of houses, and found not only the women smiling but the looking-glasses in their unbroken frames, the clocks on the polished mantelpiece, the curtains around the smooth beds, and, in fact, everything in its seeming place. Even the shoe- makers had still real boots and shoes in their shop-windows, and the drapers bond fide cotton jackets on their counter. I was astonished, and began to interrogate, wherever it was possible, the inhabitants of Casei, of Pante- curone, of Tortona, of Voghera, but nowhere could I hear of the least at- tempt of violence committed by the Austrians. It was vexatious, indeed, for my journey, seemed to lose through these facts all its picturesque side ; but what could I do ?"

Other Paris journals say the same, and it is now generally agreed on in the French press that the first reports about the savage warfare of Austria were, to say the least, an exaggeration. About the dress of the fair daughters of Italy, M. Amedee Achard says some very amusing

"I annot leave Alessandria without saying a few words on the subject of crinoline. Alessandria is a strong fortress, and must, I confess, bead- towed certain privileges; but yet it appears to me that in respect to steel

petticoats it abuses its right. Never before in my life did I see dresses of such gigantic dimensions as are to be found here. Citizen's wives and count-

esses, charwomen, cooks, scullery-maids, in fact every soul among Eve's daughters, wear shirts so ample, so expansive, that one is under continual fear of a sudden gust of wind carrying off the whole lot, mothers, sisters, daughters, cousins, and all. My own eyes have seen little girls, who cer- tainly were under six, wrapped in balloons with which Mr. Green would undertake to rise to the top of Chimborazo. Est-on precoce en Italic!

"And while I am in train to talk of other things than battles and cam- paigns, allow me to tell a little anecdote which fell within my own observa- tion, and which is not without its originality. "The other day some Austrian prisoners, captured, I don't know where, traversed Tort,ona. Among the spectators assembled in the street, was a chasseur of the infantry, examining the poor subjects of the Kaiser most attentively, Well, what do you think of them ? ' asked an approaching officer. Ah, captain,: replied the chasseur, I am thinking how well they are booted. Ah, sapnati, the famous boots they have got on their legs !' "Observe the depth of philosophy of our little chasseur. It is not the man whom he regards, but his boots. To him, who has been trotting hun- dreds of stages, across the Alps, through rain, and snow, and mud, it is the boot which makes the soldier,—and who knows, but he Is right. W.,i,th good shoes an army can march anywhere ; without or with bad ones nowhere. It is with the feet as often as with the bayonet that a battle is won."

"General Garibaldi," writes the correspondent of the Independance Beige, "is accompanied in his perilous expedition by Count Emile Visconti-

Venosta, one of the youngest and at the same time most intelligent members of the Lombardic emigration. Count Visconti, who provisionally bears the title of Civil Commissary of the King of Sardinia, is scarcely thirty, and of one of the noblest families of Milan. Being compromised, in the month of February last, in the political demonstration which took place on the day of the funeral of poor Dandolo, the Austrian police was on the point of arrest-

ing him, but he luckily escaped in time, and since then has livedin Sardi-

nia. From the moment the war broke out, the Count did not leave off soli- citing the Sardinian Government to put him at a post of danger and of re-

sponsibility, and he was happy beyond measure when learning his destina- tion aside of Garibaldi. There is no doubt that this young nobleman is destined to play an important part in the now beginning national movement in Lombardy."

So great is the number of volunteers still arriving from all parts of Italy that several new corps are on the point of being formed at Turin. General Ribotti, among others, has been authorized to organize a couple of regiments in imitation of Garibaldi's troops, to be called the " chas- sours de la Mum."

"It has been beautifully said by Chateaubriand, 'The earth drinks in si- lence the blood of battle fields, but peaceful blood spouts groaning towards Heaven. God receives and avenges it.' If so a fearful reckoning is yet in

store for the House of Hapsburg. General Pietro Colette tells us that, dur- ing thirty years, 100,000 Neapolitans have perished by every kind of death

In the cause of political freedom, and for the lore of Italy ; ' and in Aus- trian Italy, where a kindred spirit animates the Government, matters have been but little better. Between the 6th of August, 1848, the date of the triumphant return of the Austrians to Milan, and the 22d August of the following year, the official records show a total of 981 capital sentences, re- gularly pronounced and executed against Lombardo-Venetians. In the au- tumn of 1848 the steward of Councillor Rampini and his eldest son were shot at Milan, while the younger son, being under age, and not being con- victed of any crime, was beaten to death with sticks. In October of the

• A French game not very unlike cricket, but nearer to what our juveniles can the game of the • Cat and the Ring." same year three Milanese were shot for having responded to the provoca- tions of three Hungarian soldiers disguised as police. The Abbe Pillcina was shot at Brescia about the same time, and another priest at Mantua, merely for having expressed liberal opinions. To have a weapon of any kind in the house or on the person was certain death. At Brescia a butcher was sent for outside the town to kill an ox, and went, bearing along with him the implements of his trade, mace, knife, &c. On his return he was arrested by the patrol, and, in spite of his protestations that he was a but- cher, and that there was no order against butchers carrying their imple- ments along with them, was forthwith tried, condemned, and shot. At Lodi, 28th February, 1849, a native of the place was beaten to death for having allowed some insulting expressions to escape him when maltreated by an Austrian officer. But the most disgraceful and flagrant instance of tryanny remains to be recorded. On the 18th August, 1849, the anniver- sary of the birth of the late Emperor, which was kept with great pomp by the Austrians in Milan, a courtesan named Olivari had attached to the bal- cony of her house an Austrian flag. This house was in one of the most fre- quented streets of Milan., opposite the Cafe del Mazza, and the crowd hissed in passing it • upon which several patrols and a number of officers, who had apparently been lurking in the neighbourhood, instantly rushed to the spot, seized indiscriminately on the passers by, and carried them off to the castle, where a military tribunal was quickly assembled, which first released the foreigners and public functionaries, and then proceeded to try the rest of the crowd of prisoners, all, be it observed, Italians. They were speedily con- demned, seventeen to the bastinade, from twenty-five to fifty strokes each, and three to various periods of imprisonments in irons. Among the former class were all advocate, a painter, two landed proprietors, and two stu- dents, and Enmata Galli, of Cremona, and Maria Conti, of Florence, both opera singers, the first twenty and the second eighteen years old. They were sentenced, the former to forty strokes of the stick, and the latter to thirty. All the sentences were immediately executed in public, in the open air, in the court of the castle, the Austrian officers looking on and laughing the while. The punishments were carried out to the letter ; all the suf- ferers were severely injured, and the two poor girls especially were a long time before they recovered from the effects of Austrian brutality. The mili- tary commandant of Milan subsequently sent in an account of 191 francs to the municipality for the expense of ice' (applied to the mangled flesh of the victims in order to prevent gangrene) and of rods used and broken in the punishment of the seditious of the 18th of August.' Finally, the mar- shal ordered the town of Milan to indemnify courtesan °livers by a gift of 30,000 'lyres. The melancholy necrology of this gloomy chapter of judicial murders and abuse of power is closed by our author with the case of the Count Montanari, and five of his relations, accused, as usual, of conspiring with Mazzini, and summarily condemned to be shot. Moved apparently by the frantic entreaties of the wives of these unfortunates, Marshal Radetzky promised that note drop of blood should be shed.' He kept his word by hanging the whole of them. "The Austrians have sedulously endeavoured, especially since 1848, to set the rich and poor among the Lombards at enmity, and thus prevent that union which might render them dangerous. When, in March, 1849, the French minister at Turin went to the camp of the victorious Badetzky to solicit a change of system towards Lombardy, and the proclamation of a general amnesty, General Hess, the chief of the staff, thus answered him Never ! It would not be conformable to Austrian politics to pardon rebel subjects ; their punishment ought to be not death but misery. The people love us; the nobles, the rich proprietors, detest us; they must then be annihilated.'

"With regard to the paramount influence of Austria in the affairs of the whole Italian peninsula, there can be but little doubt, and as little of her disposition to interfere with armed hand on the slightest and most trivial pretexts. At the smallest semblance of political liberation, she at once steps in, superseding in the most nonchalant and insolent way the sovereigns of the country ; hangs, shoots, flogs, and exiles, at her pleasure, occupies places of strength, and levies forced contributions, until she has reduced everything to the state of passive and unreasoning obedience most approved of by her paternal government.' Her conduct in Tuscany on the restora- tion of the Grand Duke ; the sack of Leghorn in the summer of 1849, by the troops of General Aspre ; the judicial tortures and murder at Ferrara and Bologna, in 1853-4, by the Austrian military tribunals, and many other cases which might easily becited, furnish most convincing proofs both of the extent of her power, and of its withering influence upon political free- dom and intellectual progress."—Belectie Review.