SPECTATOR'S LIBRARY.

VOYA.OBS AND Titivate, Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of II. M. S. Fly, commanded by Captain F. P. Blackwood, R.N., in Torres Strait, New Guinea, and other Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, during the years 1842-1846: together with an Excursion into the In- terior of the Eastern Part of Java. By J. Beete Jukes, M.A., 1.05., Naturalist to the Expedition ; Author of "Excursions in Newfoundland." Published by per- mission of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. In two volumes. • . .210005.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,

The Education of the People: a Practical 'Treatise on the Means of Extending Its Sphere and Improving its Character. By J. Whim, Inspe. tor of the Academy ed Strasburg. With a Preliminary Dissertation on some points connected with the present Position of Education in this country, by J. P. Nichol, LL.D., Professor of Astronomy in the University of Glasgow Lang, Glasgow.

GOSSIP,

Literary and Historical Memorials of London. By J. Heneage Jesse, Author of "Memoirs of the Court of England," "George Selwyn and his Contemporanes," &c. In two volumes Beaky • JUKES'S NARRATIVE OF THE SURVEYING VOYAGE OF THE FLY.

Fon reasons chiefly connected with the prevailing winds, the generality of vessels bound from the Australian Colonies to India or China prefer the passage along the Eastern coast of New Holland, and thence through Torres Straits and the Eastern Archipelago. In order to avoid the fre- quent anchorages necessary in the passage between the great barrier reef and the shore, weak-handed vessels often take the outer passage, and trust to making one of the gaps in the barrier as they approach the Straits. In endeavouring to effect this, they are frequently wrecked; and the dangers of Torres Straits are proverbial. The first object of this surveying voyage under Captain Blackwood was to examine the whole extent of the great barrier reef lying parallel with so large an extent of the East coast of New Holland, to particularly note the channels through it, and to endeavour to devise some means by which they should be indicated. He was also to resurvey the usual passages through Torres Straits ; and he was permitted to extend his voyage to New Caledonia and New Guinea, with the archipelago lying between them, but always in subordination to the first object of the expedition. The vessels left England in 1842; but the real business of the survey did not begin till 1843, and, so far as the volumes and the East are concerned, terminated in 1845. During this time the coast and islands of New Holland between the Tropic of Capricorn and its Northern ex- tremity were frequently visited ; the character and productions of the region were carefully examined by Mr. Jukes ; and many interviews with the natives took place. The interesting islands on the North and East of Torres Straits (between the 9th and 10th parallel of South latitude and the 143rd and 145th of East longitude) were also touched at. A portion of the coast of New Guinea was examined, and the sea sufficiently surveyed; but some of those circumstances which look slight on paper yet are de- cisive in practice prevented any exploration of the country, or any suffi- cient examination of the rivers. The station of Port Essington was re- sorted to several times ; and, seen at all times and under every aspect of circumstances, it is pronounced by Mr. Jukes useless and worthless for purposes of settlement, or indeed for any purpose except in connexion with political claims to territory. Java also was visited, and an excursion made through its Eastern half, and the vessels touched at Singapore and other places; but these were calls of little account.

Captain Blackwood having waived his right of authorship, the nar- rative of the voyage has been undertaken by Mr. Jukes, favourably known by an agreeable and informing book on Newfoundland; nor will the present work detract from his reputation. The narrative is well planned, pleasantly written, and full of matter. Instead of telling a long story about the voyage out, and the various routine doings at different intermediate ports, Mr. Jukes plunges abruptly "in medias res," beginning with his first landing on a coral reef on the Tropic of Capricorn: nor does he trouble the reader with the return home, but takes leave of him with the Eastern Archipelago. The arrangement is judicious--geo-• graphical, not chronological : for as the objects of the voyage frequently carried the vessels several times to the same place, an account of events or observations in the order of their occurrence would have involved continued interruption. All that is to be said on each district or region is therefore said at once, but with sufficient indications as to the time to which the observations relate.

In the intercourse with the natives of Northern Australia and New Guinea, something like what is called the " treachery " of savages occurred, and the expedition was compelled to make an impression of the power of civilization by using fire-arms. With these ex- ceptions, the incidents are not of a striking kind; but they have that peculiar attraction which attends upon nautical discovery and explora- tion, when described by competent ability, without exaggeration or ar- tistical improvements. The very atmosphere of a true voyage is invigo- rating and exciting. The land rarely if ever trodden by the foot of civil-, ized man—the character of the primeval landscape and spontaneous vegetation—the tameness of birds, the novelty of animal life—the ocean solitude scarcely disturbed by a passing vessel—with, in this re- gion, the wonders of innumerable coral islands and reefs, and, greater still, the coral barrier—all possess a peculiar charm. As the barren lands, and stunted intelligence of Australia were left behind, our voyagers came to the more fertile soil, the richer vegetation, and higher examples of

humanity in the archipelago that lies between Australia and New Guinea, with all the freshness that appertains to a new country, as well as the interest attaching to innate character. New Guinea well sustained the

sort of mystery that attaches to her. Rivers with many branches, not very dissimilar to the delta of the Niger, seem to water the Eastern coast ; a rather peculiar kind of architecture distinguishes the build- ings; and the country teems with fertility : but anything specific is yet unknown. There is not so much of novelty or at least of absolute fresh- ness in Java; but we are taken to a people and society yet further ad- vanced, and to a country richer by nature and improved by cultivation. The narrative of this expedition displays the same qualities that dis- tinguished Mr. Jukes's Ezeurszons in Nenyoundkind. There is a similar patience under travelling inconveniences, though not tasked to the same extent as in that isle of fish ; an equal good-nature, and adaptability among the wild peoples he encountered. His style is real and matter-of-fact; with an animation and pleasantry which relieve it from the literal, yet without in the least detracting from its evident truth- fulnesa. The great superiority of the trained and scientific mind is at once perceived by comparing Mr. Jokes with Mr. Merivale or Dr. Coul- ter. As regards the subject-matter—the elements of the substance—both those writers would say they enjoyed great advantages over Mr. Jukes, in adventures, dramatic incidents, and social opportunities : yet they have not nearly so deep or sustained an interest as his quieter de- acription ; and they leave an unpleasant impression of doubt upon the

mind, as if a great deal had been made up. • Of Australia generally; for purposes of agriculture, Mr. Jukes does not seem to entertain a high opinion, especially of the North-eastern parts, along which the survey of the expedition ran. The soil is dry and bar- ren; the natural vegetation profitless, and contrasting strongly with the luxuriant and useful growths of the islands, even in Torres Straits. He saw but one region in the whole of the survey which he could recommend for settlement; though he strongly urges a post at Cape York as a place of call for ships and of refuge for wrecked seamen.

"The tract of coast between Broad Sound and Whitsunday Passage, or the parallels of 22° 15' and 200 20', differs in some respects from any other part of the coast of Australia we visited. Its apparent fertility is greater, it is better supplied with fresh water, and the rise and fall of tide is much greater. A solid range of hills, of a pretty uniform height, cuts off from the interior a lower undu- lating strip of land, from five to ten miles broad, the whole of which seems to be of a high average fertility for Australia; the grass was fine, close, and abundant; the timber large-sized, and various in kind. The coast is indented by many small bays and inlets; and though these are dry at low-water, many places might be found where !mall vessels could lie then securely in the mud, and be floated again at the return of tide. The great rise and fall of tide is of course admirably adapted for the construction of docks for building and repairing ships; and besides the pines, which in some places are very abundant, there is a probability of other good timber-trees being found in the jungles, which are so different in character from the common gum forests of the country. A few miles off the coast, are nu- merous small islands, lofty, rocky, and picturesque in character, and covered with grass and pines, with manvsniall eaves and anchorages. Outside these again are coral reefs, all uniting to shelter the coast, and excellent anchorage is universally to be found along it. The trade wind blows constantly from the S.E.; but, owing to the strong tides, vessels would be able easily to work up against it, the water being always smooth compared with the open sea, having no ground-swell in con- sequence of the reefs to windward. This fresh perpetual sea-breeze would render the country healthy, notwithstanding the mangrove swamps. These could all be avoided in choosing places of residence, for which spots 200 or 300 feet above the sea might easily be selected. The inlets through the mangroves would afford a boat navigation of a few miles into the interior of the country. As far as climate is concerned, almost any Tropical production might be cultivated; but I have too little confidence in the nature of the soil of any part of Australia to recommend that as a source of profit. if, however, it shoals! be desirable to push the settle-. ments of New South Wales farther to the North, I think this part of the coast has greater natural advantages than any other we have seen. I cannot recommend any particular spot in preference to another, as the subject was not in my thoughts

at the time we were upon it. • • • •

"After twice circumnavigating Australia, and visiting all its colonies, especially those of the Southern coast, 1 look back upon this tract between 22° and 20° with still higher expectations than before, and certainly have never seen any part of Australia, near the sea, of equal fertility, or of nearly equally pleasant and agreeable aspect, or combining so many natural advantages."

Meetings with the natives were frequent ; and the encounters with savage man form some of the most interesting passages of the book. The conduct of the officers of the expedition towards these children of a larger growth is in strong contrast to that of whaling captains and other skip- pers; bringing out the difference between the essentials of civilization and its mere forms, as well as illustrating the advantage we alluded to in noticing Dr. Coulter's book, that persons without trading objects possess in dealing with savages. Yet, partly from the aforesaid "treachery," partly from the fact that " nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit," differ- ences sometimes took place. A flight of spears was thrown at a depart- ing boat, in consequence of a discharge of fire-arms ; on another occasion a native was shot, but when no officer was present ; a seaman was speared in the presence of Mr. Jukes, after signs of mischief; and then the old Adam boiled up, explaining if not excusing the conduct of skippers and tiler men.

"The party having reached the boat, we slowly retired, burning with vexation. It was the first time in my life in which I had seen wounds (and, as it turned out, death) inflicted in open field, or in any kind of strife; and the sensations were as new to me as they were unpleasant. A burning feeling of mixed rage and grief, and a kind of animal craving for revenge, seemed to take possession of the heart, and a reluctance to leave the spot till some kind of amends had been ob- tained. A glance at the broken nature of the country, however, full of scrubs and

gullies, showed how impotent any pursuit would be. •

"I have always joined in reprobating the causeless injuries sometimes inflicted by civilized or quasi-civilized man upon the wild tribes of savage life; and many atrocities have doubtless been committed in mere wantonness, and from brutality or indifference. I have always looked, too, with a favourable eye on what are called savages, and held a kind of preconceived sentimental affection for them, that I believe is not uncommon. I had been inclined to suppose that they were rarely the aggressors, and were always more sinned against than sinning. One such practical example as this, however, wrought a great change in my feelings on these points; and though far, I hope, from abetting cruelty, I could make great allowances for any one who, at:der such circumstances as I have detailed, took a larger revenge than the strict justice of the case demanded. I felt that the life of one of my own shipmates, whatever his rank might be, was far dearer to me than that of a wilderness of savages, and that to preserve his life or avenge his death Icould willingly shoot a dozen of these Black fellows; and I could read the same feelings in the eyes of those around me. Nor was this feeling very transient: for many days or weeks after, it would have been felt as a relief by all those who saw Bayley's fall, to have come into collision with any party of Black fellows they could have been justified in firing on."

As far as the Australians go, we do not know that Mr. Jukes does more than confirm the usual views of them ; except that they seem to improve in character towards the North. In the land of promise whose description we have quoted, they were found fat, and altogether in good I condition ; in other places they fell thin again, but improved in the com- mon arts, such as the structure of canoes, paddles, and weapons. As soon as the voyagers quitted Australia for the islands, they found a supe- rior soil and a superior race. Houses were seen, vegetable diet was regularly used, and some sort of cultivation carried on. There were pet animals—rare, indeed, but still not eaten up ; some approach was made to the fine arts and showy manufactures—some men wore wigs ; the women occupied a higher rank, and were distinguished for chastity, as far as Mr. Jukes could learn ; the intelligence of all classes was quick, and they had more of the frankness of power. A variety of passages relating to different islands, but brought into juxtaposition, will best indicate the race.

" Soon after we had landed, one of the boat's crew [at Masseed] came running to me to tell me the natives were coming to the island in canoes; and as this was the first time we had met the islanders, (except at Murray Island, in 1843,) we assembled on the beach to receive them. Only one canoe came to us, in which were three men and three boys. They approached us unarmed, with the utmost confidence, one man holding a cocoa-nut in one hand and a green bough in the other. They all shouted 'Pond, poud, pond Masseed!' meaning ' Peace! peace with Masseed !' They were a well-made, fine-looking people, of a different type from the Australians, with muscular limbs and frizzled hair. They had the oval epaulet-like mark on the shoulders, but no other scars. Their hair was dressed into long, narrow, pipe-like curls, smeared with red ochre and grease, and they wore a band round the forehead. One old man, who informed us his name was Garia, had a black wig dressed like their hair, but his beard and whiskers were nearly all grey. They understood the words we had picked up at Cape York; and they knew three English words, water,' knife,' (pronounced nips,') and ship,' which they called shippo ': these they had probably learnt from whalers. They seemed fond of smoking. Their canoes resembled those we had seen in Endeavour Strait, but larger and more ornamented. •

" They asked for tooree' (iron); but on our saying we had none ashore, and pointing to the ship, they went off to her in their canoe; one man remaining with us by himself, and going off in the whale-boat; showing their perfect confidence in our good intentions. On board they made themselves quite at home. Old Canis requested to have his grey whiskers shaved off. They sat with us at din- ner in the gun-room, eating biscuit; but would not touch pork, as they evidently seemed puzzled to make out what it could possibly be. Having no large land animals of their own, we were not quite sure they did not suspect it to be man's flesh.

"When they had conducted us into this open space, several of them seated them- selves on small well-made mats, like those used by the Malay nations; and two or three went and brought a largo roll of matting, at least twelve feet by six, which they spread for us to sit down on. These really well-made fabrics greatly surprised us after being accustomed to the non-manufacturing Australians. They then brought us young cocoa-nuts, tortoise-shell, and ornaments; and a great barter commenced. They gave us cocoa-nut water, without waiting to receive anything for it; but for the other things they would only accept tobacco and iron implements, paying no regard to our beads and gaudy handkerchiefs. They brought us two small bana- nas or plantains; but we could not see the trees on which they grew. They suf- fered Captain Blackwood and myself to stroll about the huts unattended while

they bartered with the boat's crew. • • "A fine straight-limbed and graceful young fellow, called Doodiscab, bad at- tached himself to me, and I proposed an exchange of names to him; a custom of which we had yet seen no traces, but which he instantly seemed to comprehend, and for some time called me Doodegab, while he assumed my name, which he pro- nounced as if spelt Dookees.

"They all seemed to be everlastingly eating: now a plantain then a ketai, then a cocoa-nut, with occasional plats of small fish, or of roasted shell-fish, prin-

cipally trochus, and sometimes crabs, and other crustacea. • * •

On April 19th we again anchored at Erroob, on our way to the coast of New Guinea. As it rained heavily, I went into one ofthe larger huts, which had a fire in the middle. There were good bed-places, covered with mats, raised about a foot and a half from the ground, and large bundles of mats, bows, arrows, axes, fishing-spears, pipes, and calabashes, hanging over-head. As there was no open- ing except the small door, the smoke oozed through the thatch, and it felt tome intolerably hot and close. "In using the bow, they explained to us that they always held a particular end upwards—that which is uppermost, namely, in the living plant; but could give no reason for the custom. Beside the bow and arrow, their principal weapon is a club, called gabagoob: this is a round flat piece of stone, bevelled to an edge like a quoit, but with a small hole in the centre, into which a wooden handle is in- serted. It thus becomes a most murderous weapon; but we only saw one or WO of them.

"I inquired for the barreet,' (which I found was a species of opossum, belong- ing to a subgenus called cuscus, peculiar to New Guinea,) and was told Dzoom had one; and I sent him a message by a man called Jess6, to say I would give him a sword and an axe for it. I inquired for Doodegab, and was told he was on the other side the island; but two good-looking girls, called Derre and Atai, were pointed out as his sisters; and they told me, since I had changed names with Doodegab, they were now my sisters; saying, 'Derree berbet Dakees, Atai berbet Dukees: As the rain had now ceased, they got up to accompany us back to the boat; and I taught them to walk arm-in-arm with me, at which they seemed much amused. Two others immediately came up and took Dr. Muithead's arms; which elicited a roar of laughter from the rest. They seemed to enjoy the joke, and proposed we should race one party against the other: but Dr. lul. and I soon found that running over the deep sand and rough beach was to us no joke at all, although perfectly easy to our lightly-clothed and active partners. "On arriving at the boat, I proposed, in order to see what they would say, that they should go off to the ship and be ourcoskeer ' (wives): bat at this they drew back, and seemed rather alarmed, saying, 'Lola coskeer, berbet; coskeer Iola.' On seeing it was merely a joke, however, they laughed, as a girl would in England at a similar proposal from a stranger, and took a friendly leave of us."

The inhabitants of New Guinea (Papuans) seem to be still further ad- vanced than the natives of the Archipelago : in the military art they de- cidedly are, for their canoes are entitled to be called fleets; they seem to have a species of strategy, as well as great skill in the management of single boats, and show much courage. It was perhaps impossible to pre- vent the collisions that took place; still it is to be regretted, because the Papuan opposition to strange invaders of their country was natural enough, and the conflicts must leave a bad impression of the White races. The excursion in Java is informing for its notices of the Dutch colonial system and the Javanese native rule; pleasant for its pictures of scenery, manners, and an agreeable people. We will not, however, pursue it in detail, but take some miscellaneous extracts on various topics.

A CORAL REEF.

I had hitherto been rather disappointed by the aspect of the coral reefs, so far as beauty was concerned; and though very wonderful, I had not seen in them much to admire. One day, however, on the lee side of one of the outer reefs, near the wreck of the Ferguson, I had reason to change my opinion. In a small bight of the inner edge of this reef was a sheltered nook, where the extreme slope was well exposed, and where every coral was in full life and luxuriance. Smooth round masses of rnmandrina and astrma were contrasted with delicate leaf-like and cup- shaped expansions of esplanade, and with an infinite variety of branching ma- dreporie and seriatoporse, some with mere finger-shaped projections, others with large branching stems, and others again exhibiting au elegant assemblage of in- teraeing twigs, of the most delicate and exquisite workmanship. Their colours were unrivalled—vivid greens, contrasting with more sober browns and yellows, mingled with rich shades of purple, from pale pink to deep blue. Bright red, yel- low, and peach-coloured nulliponn, clothed those masses that were dead, mingled with beautiful pearly flakes of eschara and retepora; the latter looking like lace- work in ivory. In among the branches of the corals, like birds among trees, floated many beautiful fish, radiant with metallic greens or crimsons, or fantas- tically banded with black and yellow stripes. Patches of clear white sand were seen here and there for the floor, with dark hollows and recesses, beneath over- hanging masses and ledges. All these, seen through the clear crystal water, the ripple of which gave motion and quick play of light and shadow to the whole, formed a scene of the rarest beauty, and left nothing to be desired by the eye, either in elegance of form or brilliancy and harmony of colouring.

JAVA FEVER AND ITS EFFECTS.

I now hoped to have some leisure to make inquiries on many points concerning which I felt an interest, and which I could only hopeto learn on the spot. I also hoped to be able to visit the ruins of Majopahit, and reexamine the tombs at Gresik, when I unfortunately was attackcd with fever. I mention this partly to excuse and account for the incompleteness of many pieces of information in the foregoing sketches, and partly to describe the origin and the effects of the fever itself. On the 13th, after a hard day's work packing up, I went off to dine on board the ship; and about nine o'clock, feeling very tired, returned to the town in a tambangan, immediately on sitting down in which, I fell asleep. It being nearly low-water, we were a long time getting into and up the canal; and on arriving at the stairs I found I had been asleep more than an hour, with my hat off, exposed to the night-dew and the miasmata of the neighbouring marshes, and the putrid bed of the canaL I felt very unwell the next morning; but, supposing it to be a mere cold, took no notice of it; and, having promised Mr. and Mrs. Dean to come down to Gresik and dine with them, and accompany them to a ball at Mr. Letts house, of that town' I went down by water with Lieutenant Boon van Ostade and a party. The ball commenced between six and seven o'clock, on the brick floor of a large saloon; and was an exceedingly pleasant party, graced by several excellent specimens of the beauty of the Dutch ladies, both of pure and Creole blood: but, to my extreme horror, they continued dancing till six o'clock in the morning, and I was unable to get away. To a man with fever in his veins this was by no means a cordial, and as soon as our boat regained Sourabaya I suc- cumbed to it. It appeared, however, after all, of trifling character: Dr. Muirhead removed rue on board; where it went off in four or five days, and in ten I was able to walk about, apparently as well as ever. But I no longer felt the same person: langour and lassitude took possession both of mind and body; and I seemed to pass at once into the state of those who have been long resident in hot countries, and to have acquired all their listlessness and indifference, want of energy, and want of curiosity. Neither was this state of mind transient: I could not over- come it for two or three months after we left Java; and it was not till I had en- joyed the fresh sea-breezes of Torres Strait for a month or two, that I again felt myself fit for active exertion, or my former love of and delight in explorations OW excursions revived. I now for the first time knew how to account for and excuse what at first seemed to me the blameable inertness, indolence, and indif- ference to anything beyond the comfort of the passing hour, the want of energy and action, so almost universally characteristic of the resident in hot climates. The European, at his first arrival, brings with him the feelings and powers be- longing to a temperate zone, which are acted on by the powerful excitement of new and delightful scenes, and he wonders at and contemns the apathy of the native or the resident European. Either by the sudden attack of sickness or the gradual action of the climate, however, his own energy is undermined, and he eventually falls into the same listlessness and love of repose.

COMPARISON OF AUSTRALIA AND ITS NEIGTIBOURS.

In their intellectual qualifies and dispositions they [the Australians] were still farther removed from the islanders and much below those of Murray and Darnley Islands. Houseless and homeless without gardens or any kind of culti- vation, destitute of the cocoa-nut, the bamboo, the plantain, and the yam as of almost all useful vegetables they pass their lives either in the search for food or in listless indolence. Instead of associating with us on something like terms of equality, bartering with us, teaching us their words, and learning some of ours,

joking, oking, and engaging in sports, like our Erroobian friends, these Australians sat listlessly looking on standing where we told them, fetching any- thing or doing anything we ordered them, with great docility indeed, but with complete want of interest and curiosity. In our endeavours to get words from them, they merely repeated our sounds or imitated our gestures. When they spoke it was difficult to catch the sound, so different was their speech from the clear open enunciation of the Erroobians. With the latter we often ate, as they were perfectly clean; but these Australians, on our shooting a kite or two, instantly seized them, plucked off some of the feathers, and then warming the body a little at the fire, tore it open and eat it up, entrails and all. These Australians at Cape York precisely resembled those of the rest of the continent, as I have myself seen them, and as they have been described by other voyagers. The Torres Strait islanders, on the contrary, evidently belong to the great Papuan race' which ex- tends from Timor and the adjacent islands through New Guinea, New Ireland, and New Caledonia, to the Feejee Islands. It is singular enough, that in Torres Strait the line of demarcation should be almost equally strong and precise between two kinds of vegetation and two groups of the lower order of animals as between two 'varieties of the human race. The dull and sombre vegetation of Australia spreads all over Cape York and the im- mediately adjacent islands. Wide forests of large but ragged-stemmed gum- trees, with their almost leafless and shadeless branches, constitute the charac- teristic of this vegetation. Here and there are gullies, with jungles of more um- brageous foliage, and some palms; but the mass of the woods are arid, hot, and dusty, the leaves not only small but dry and brittle, and the marks of frequent fires everywhere apparent in calcined rocks and blackened stems and fallen trunks. On the islands of the Northern side of Torres Strait, not a gum-tree is to be seen; the woods are close, lofty, and afford the deepest and most refreshing shade, often matted into impenetrable thickets by creepers and undergrowth, but adorned with varied foliage, with the cocoa-nut, the plantain, the bamboo, and other plants not only beautiful but useful to man. On the New Guinea coast, the vegetation is of the rankest and most luxuriant character even for the Tropics. One vast dank jungle spreads over its muddy shores, abounding in immense forest-trees, whose trunks are bidden by groves of sago-palms, and myriads of other heat and moisture-loving plants.

JAVANESE COUNTRY MARKETS.

On regaining the high road, we dismounted, and went to look at the market; which was a very large one, occupying an enclosure of about one acre of ground. There were a few Chinese and some Klings; bat the majority were Javanese, and these principally women, both buyers and sellers. The Klings (Kalingas or Ta- lingas) come from the coast of Coromandel, and trade through the Archipelago, dealing. chiefly in jewellery and cutlery. The Chinese in this market seemed to deal principally in drapery. There were rows of stalls, in which were exposed printed calicoes from Manchester, strong blue calico cloth from Madura, broad

cloths, and other articles of clothing; in another row were neatly-made boxes and baskets of different materials. There were also crockery-ware, both English and Chinese, and the ruder productions of the country. A row was de- voted entirely to drugs, spices, and medicines; another to fruits and vegetables, salt-fish, and eatables of all kinds, trassi, and other native dainties; and another to jewellery, cutlery, and nicknacks, and for various other matters of all descrip- tions. We inquired of a Kling the price of two English razors in a case; for which he asked five dollars. In another corner was a space for the sale of horses, and also, I believe, for bullocks, waggons, and agricultural implements. In short, it appeared that the whole of the wants of the native population of all ranks and both sexes might have been supplied here.