EXTRACTS.

REVIEW OF TDB PATRIOT ARMIES IN SOUTH AMERIGA.-011 the 2d of August, Bolivar reviewed his forces, nine thousand strong, on the plain be- tween Raneas and Pasco. The troops were well appointed and made a really brilliant appearance. An energetic address, from the Liberator, was read to each corps at the same moment, and produced indescribable enthusiasm. Nothing could exceed the excitement felt upon that occasion. Every circum- stance tended to impart a most romantic interest to the scene. Near the same spot, four years before, the Royalists had been defeated by General Arenales. The view front the table land, upon which the troops were reviewed, and which is at an elevation of more than twelve thousand feet above the elevation of the sea, is perhaps the most magnificent in the world. On the west arose the Andes, which had been just surmounted with so much toil. On the east were enormous ramifications of the Cordillera stretching towards the Brazils. North and south, the view was bounded by mountains whose tops were hidden in the clouds. On that plain, surrounded by such sublime scenery, and on the margin of the magnificent lake of Reyes, the principal source of the Amazon, the mightiest of rivers, were now assembled men from Caracas, Panama, Quito, Lima, Chile. and Buenos Ayres; men who had fought at Mavis°, in Chile ; at San Lorenzo, on the banks of the Parana.; at Carabobo, in Venezuela; and at Pinehincha, at the foot of the Chimborazo. Amidst those devoted Americans were a few foreigners, still firm and faithful to the cause, in support of which so many of their countrymen had fallen. Amongst those few survivors were men who had fought on the hanks of the Guadiana and of the Rhine ; who had witnessed the conflagration of Moscow, and the capitulation of Paris. Such were the men assembled at what might be con- sidered a fresh starting point in the career of glory. American or European, they were all animated with one sole spirit, that of assuring the political ex- istence of a vast continent. The exhiliarating vivas of the-troops filled every breast with ardour and prophetic hope.—General Miller's 211emoirs.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEIN A GENTLEMAN IN ENGLAND AND A PRINCE IN ITALY. —A lad left Milan to seek his fortune. and resided two or three Vears in Paris. He passed three or four years in England, and then proceeded to Chile. On being asked what he intended to do if he made a fortune, he an- swered, " If I make five hundred pounds a-year, 1 wilt go to London, and live like a gentleman. If I make only one hundred pounds a-year, I most go to my own country, where I can live like an Italian Prince."—Mitter's Memoirs.

DR. GRANVILLE'S ACCOUNT OF TILE REIGNING EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

Nicholas the First was thirty-two years of age on time 7th of July last. He was born in the same year in which Catfierine the Second closed her long and glorious reign ; and did not therefore, like his more fortunate bro- thers, Alexander and Constantine, experience time influence of that great mind in the care of his early education. Nature, however, had provided him with a mother, who stood in less need than any reigning princess, of the counsels and assistance of others, to lead her child in the path of virtue. At an early age he was placed under the guidance of General Count Lams- dorff, an officer of distinguished merit, who had served his sovereign with great reputation, both in the field and as Governor of Courland. The Count had previously enjoyed a high degree of well-merited confidence at Court, as Cavalier de Service, with the Grand Duke Constantine, during a period of ten years ; and likewise as director of the first corps of cadets. He en- joyed the patronage of the present Empress-mother, then reigning Empress; and it was under her direction that he conducted the education of the Grand- duke Nicholas and that of his brother the Grand-duke Michael, from the time of the former of those two princes completing the fourth year of his age. No choice could have been more fortunate. The qualities of the Governor's heart were precisely such as affectionate parents would wish to see appre- ciated by their children ; and those of his mind were strictly of that cast which were required to direct the studies of his illustrious pupils, under

the instructions of proper masters. •

As Nicholas grew in years, preceptors for the4higher branches of learning were selected from among the most eminent men of the country; and it is but justice to make particular mention of one of them, Monsieur Balouhian- sky, who had the honour of instructing the Grand-duke in the principles of the art of government, and of practical science ; and the continuation of whose services Nicholas has since secured to himself, as Emperor, by placing him in his private Chancellcrie in the situation of state-secretary.

Too young at the time of the invasion of his country to take a prominent part in that war of defence, which was soon followed by another, and the last campaign, Nicholas has not had opportunities of acquiring that degree of experience in warlike operations, which would be required of him were

he intended for a mere military conquerer. But the art and science of mili- tary operations, without which experience itself is frequently of no avail, he studied under very able masters and veteran officers.

In the year 1816, travelling in foreign countries was deemed expedient by the Grand-duke, with a view to acquire more enlarged notions respecting those nations which were acting the most conspicuous parts in Europe. Among these Great Britain was selected as the country which offered a wider field of observation to a prince desirous of information. The Grand-duke, therefore, visited England in November of that year. After a residence of some weeks in London, he extended his visits to several parts of England and 9cotland, endeavouring to make himself master of those peculiarities which distinguish this above all other nations. In the following year, he married the present Empress Alexandra Fii-mdorowna, then Princess Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William the Third, and of the late Queen, whose name is highly revered in her own country and wherever virtue and

an elevated mind are justly valued. With the hallowed reputation of her lamented mother, which preceded her to the country of her husband, the pre- sent Empress carried thither her own name, already associated by the public voice with every noble quality that can embellish the fair sex, and more par-

ticularly one in so exalted a station. Nature too had been so lavish of her favours on the person of the Empress, that it is impossible to imagine a more striking appearance, or one which, with the handsome countenance of the late Queen of Prussia, and somewhat of that melancholy expression -which marks the upper part of the face of her Royal father, unites to a stately ma- jestic carriage so much grace and dignity. Of this most amiable princess, the emperor is represented to be doatingly fond. and with her he leads an ex- tremely domesticated life, although surrounded by all time cares of so vast an empire. He is frequently seen abroad with her, without any of that attendant pomp and splendour, which are perhaps necessary pageants with less popular sovereigns ; and both are known to devote much parental care to the edu- cation of the numerous children with which their union has been blessed.

The Emperor's application to business is most regular. The affairs of the state alone seem to engross his attention, and it is said that he seldom gives an hour to pleasure, which might have been better devoted to the wet= tare of his subjects. He rises early, and spends some time in transacting military matters. Part of this consists in receiving Count Diebitch, the chief of the Etat-Major, who daily waits on his "Majesty from seven o'clock till nine, and reports the state of the army during time preceding day, and receives his Majesty's commands. After breakfast he either attends Urn council, or receives his ministers daily ; each of whom has his appointed days and hours for waiting on the Emperor. He has on some occasions attended the senate; and it was reported, while we were at St. Petersburgh, that having heard that the senators had been in the habit of assembling very late, a practice which caused considerable delay in public business, his Majesty called early one day at the House of the Senate, and finding none of its members assem- bled, simply desired it to be made known to them, that the Emperor had attended to transact business at such an hour. From that time the senators took care to be at their post with greater punctuality. At one o'clock he generally attends the parade. In the winter this takes place under cover, unless the weather be both fine and mild, in which case, as well as in the summer months, it is held in the great square, in front of the Winter Palace,

or in the Champ de Mars. When it is under shelter that the parade is to

take place, the exercise-house, belonging to the Château St. Michel, is the building selected. The troops are collected within it, and the general offi- cers of the garrison of St. Petersburgh, or holding situations in the capital, make a point of attending. The foot and horse guards dismounted, form the mass of the troops reviewed. It was on the occasion of one of these parades, that I first had an opportunity of seeing the Emperor. On the 15th of No-

vember, a Te Deum having been sung at the Winter Palace for the capture of Erivan, a more than usually brilliant parade was expected. The day was

exceedingly fine, though excessively cold: notwithstanding which I placed myself, with three friends, wrapt up in our cloaks, outside of the exercise. house, to witness the arrival of all the officers, who had returned from the religious ceremony at the palace in order to attend the parade, and with whom the Emperor himself was expected. There were about two hundred people present, very quiet, well-behaved, and silent. The gate of the exer-

cise-house was guarded by four gendarmes on foot. Three or four officers of the police were present, and art aid de camp de service paraded outside to and fro.

About half-past one o'clock, when the firing of the guns had ceased, which announced the performance of the ceremony at the palace, officers of all ranks, and of all regiments and corps, infantry as well as cavalry, began to arrive, and continued to do so till two o'clock, some in sledges drawn by mag- nificent horses. others in handsome close carriages. On alighting they threw off their outside military cloak, and exhibited their ribbons, and stars, and decorations, over their green, white, and scarlet uniforms. Among them I recognised General Jomini, who abandoned the fortunes of France to serve Alexander, and has a public situation at St. Petersburgh. His person looked so very different front the well-fed, and well-looking stout generals of the country, that one could plainly see, in the care-worn and hollow lines of his physiognomy, a French general of division, notwithstanding his Russian

uniform and brilliant orders. During the arrival of these officers, the regi- ment of the Chevaliers Guarder, mounted on bay horses, dressed in white uniforms, with black helmets, and cuirasses, and carrying the Persian stan- dards, defiled outside of the ground, preceded by a whole band of trumpeters. As the moment of the approach of the Emperor was near at hand, the officers of the police reminded some among the crowd to pull off their hats on his ar- rival; and the aid.de-camp before alluded to, after looking steadfastly at all those in the front row, addressed me in particular. One of any Russian friends having informed me that the object of his inquiry was whether I had any petition for the Emperor, I replied to the officer in French, that I was a stranger, and had no petition to present ; upon which he apologized in the same language, observing that as aid de camp de service it was his duty to receive all petitions intended for the Emperor on such occasions, in order that he might present them immediately to His Majesty.

A gentle buzz now ran through the people assembled, and presently a light, elegant sledge, drawn by a spirited black horse, which a richly cos- tumed, fine-looking, young Isvostchick was urging to its full speed, entered the court by the grand gate, sliding in silent rapidity over the well-smoothed snow, and conveying the two Imperial Brothers, Nicholas and the Grand- duke Michael, who passed before us, and suddenly stopped opposite the en- trance of the exercise-house, within two feet of which I had been permitted to stand. The same aid-de-camp de service took their cloaks after they alighted ; and I had then an opportunity of observing the striking personal appearance of these two princes, whose countenance, stature, and figure claimed for them a decided superiority over every handsome officer we had seen that morning, or that we observed on subsequent occasions among the several regiments of the guards. No demonstration of any kind took place on the part of the persons present outside, except doffing their hats ; but the Sovereign, on the following gates being thrown open, which exhibited to our view, for an instant, the most brilliant display of military pageantry I had ever beheld, was received with three tremendous roulades of drums and trumps:6. upon the ceasing of which, a bugle-band struck up the inspiring anthem of Old England, God save the King, and changed to God save the Emperor, after the return of Alexander front Paris, by the Poet Joukovsky. The gates were then closed, and the parade proceeded ; but as civilians are never allowed to enter on such occasions, we quietly retired to our respective occupations.

This daily, or almost daily intercourse which his Majesty keeps up, with all the officers and men stationed in St. Petersburgh, (since regiments are of course paraded in turn), must have an excellent effect, and be productive of great advantage ; for the Emperor inspects everything, inquires into the mi- nutest details, examines the regimental uniforms of the privates, addresses words of encouragement to those who are favourably reported, converses with the officers of all ranks, praises, blames, or admonishes, as he sees oc- casion ; and thus adds to the scene of military evolution and discipline the interest of a reunion de famille, where the chief, uniting in turn, the cha- racters of sovereign, commander, and father, exerts those self-influences to maintain order and subordination, to render the ties between the soldier and his officer, and between both and their sovereign, more indissoluble, because more cherished and respected. Military parades, however, are not always held within closed doors ; and I am told by some young English re- sidents, that during the summer season one of the finest and most striking military spectacles is the " Grande Parade," which takes place on certain days on the Champ de Mars, an extensive square, to which I have before alluded, and at one end of Which stands the bronze colossal statue of Souvo- roll, the conqueror of Suchet and Macdonald in Italy, and surnamed ltaliyski from that circumstance. On some of these occasions the Emperor has at- tended on horseback, accompanied by at least twenty generals, and eighty superior officers, at the head of fifty squadrons of cavalry, twenty-five bat- talions of infantry, and ten companies of artillery, forming altogether an army of more than 2.0,000 men, which perform every possible variety of evolution, in the presence of several thousands of spectators. On such occa- sions as these the Emperor is sure to be received with boisterous acclama- tions. After the parade his Majesty generally returns home, and if there are to be any private presentations to him, it is before his dinner that they take place; otherwise he either walks or rides out alone or accompanied by the Empress. He is very fond of riding on horseback, but he also frequently goes out with his consort in a French cabriolet, which he drives himself. I have likewise seen him walking up and down that magnificent quay on the Neva, called the English Line, either alone or accompanied by some minister or general officer ; and I understand that in fair weather, and when the Empress is in good health, her Majesty often accompanies him on these ex. cursions. On such occasions, it is the etiquette on the part of persons who meet them, to stand still until they have passed, pulling their hats off, when the Emperor invariably returns the salutation a /a militaire, by putting the back of the hand up to his hat. With all persons who are known to him, he will occasionally stop and converse with great affability and without reserve. The dinner-hour is between three and four o'clock ; after which his Ma- jesty spends part of the day with his family and children. The evening brings its own labours and occupations. Ministers are received, or the Em- peror attends to business in his private cabinet with his own secretary ; but on fixed days, at eight o'clock, he orders a particular minister to bring his porte feuille, and will remain with him till ten, going methodically through, and despatching an infinite variety of business, so as to clear away every sort of arrear, and make himself master of the different subjects of each department. The strict observance of engagements which his Majesty is known to expect on every occasion, tends materially to facilitate every operation, and serves as a lesson to his subjects, that without punctuality in all the affairs and transactions of life, talent, rank, nay even a high cha- racter, are rendered useless to society.

The Imperial family retires early to rest. I have known some distin- guished persons who have had the honour of being invited to the presence of the Emperor and Empress in the evening, come away at ten o'clock, the hour at which it was understood that their Majesties retired for the night.

Not satisfied with the ordinary routine of affairs, Nicholas, who seems to be the most indefatigable and active Sovereign now reigning, and whose oc- cupations are generally of a serious nature, having the good and happiness of his people in view, has traced out to himself other tasks and other du- ties. One of the additional burdens which he has voluntarily imposed on himself, is that of looking over the reports and returns of every arrest and imprisonment that take place in his empire, as well as the state of the pri- sons, according to a formula which he has himself prescribed, and ordered to be filled up and regularly forwarded to hint in a direct manner. In these returns, the name of each prisoner or individual arrested, the nature of the crime, and the length of time during which he has been imprisoned, either before or after trial, must be accurately entered. Judging from this informa- tion, his Majesty has frequently given orders for bringing persons to a speedy trial who had been long in prison, and others to be released who appeared to have suffered long, or to have been too severely punished. In some eases he has ordered the sentence either to be revoked, or its severity mitigated, in consequence of certain extenuating circumstances which appeared on the face of the information contained in the statement. It is not necessary to re- mark how much good, in a country like Russia, as yet deprived of the great blessing of a uniform, inviolable, and intelligible code of criminal laws, so praiseworthy an undertaking on the part of an all-powerful monarch must produce.

CHARACTER OF THE PRESENT SOVEREIGN OF THE TURKS.

Mahmud is beyond contradiction one of the most extraordinary men that ever swayed the Turkish sceptre. We fully concur in the following just en- Iogium passed on him by Count Andreossy, the ci-devant French Ambassador to the Porte in 1813 and 1814.* After alluding to the distracted condition of the empire, which was in a state of revolt during the reign of Selim III. he proceeds:- " But resolved to recover his rights, the present Grand Seignor, Mahmud II. (born in 1785, elected in 1808,) a prince of the greatest character, has in the space of two years, and by vigorous acts, entirely suppressed the Jani- zaries, and detached from them the whole body of the Ulemas, which in the revolutions of the Seraglio always acted with them. By extirpating the Wehabites, he has re-established the pilgrimage to Mecca; and reinstated himself in the exercise of the Caliphat. He has retaken Widdin, before which the famous Captain Pasha, Hussein, had failed ; re-conquered Servia, which five years of commotions had rendered independent of his sway; and subdued, or put to death, all the rebellious pashas, agas, and:ayans, who had the audacity to dispute his authority. He has done away with hereditary pashalics ; both pashas and ages are now removable ; many of them were re- moved, and their places supplied by his own creatures in the Seraglio. The corruption of the ministers of Selim III. having occasioned the deposition, and, in the sequel, the destruction of that prince, Mahmud has chosen a vizier without talents, and of a very feeble understanding. He watches over his Divan with extreme vigilance, and leaves it only the shadow of power : he himself directs and regulates everything ; in a word, he alone constitutes the Government. Better and sooner informed than his ministers of whatever happens, by means of his secret and ever-active spies, his mea.sures are often taken before the reports of the vizier have time to reach him. Active, laborious, impenetrable in his designs, a zealous observer of his religion, faithful to his promises, sober, and an encourager of morality, Sultan Mahmud may be justly regarded as a phenomenon for Turkey. Such was the opinion," continues Andreossy, " we expressed in 1818, respecting this sovereign. But since that time, Sultan Mahmud, by suppressing the Janizaries, has not

only annihilated that endless source of troubles and disorders, destroyed the obstacle which was ever opposed to improvements, however slight, and broken in pieces an instrument often useful to the foreign enemy alone : he

has even changed one of the fundamental constitutions of the Othmanic em- pire,—a thing not sufficiently understood by Europeans. Whatever be the

result of such a step, as bold in the conception, as it was difficult and even dangerous in the execution, it cannot but impart lustre to a reign in which Mahmud has exhibited all the qualities of a ruler jealous of his power, with the talents and character necessary to make that power respected."

To this unexceptionable testimony of Mahmud's ability and laborious attention to the duties of his station, we may add, that he is the first Sultan

for many ages, who openly takes his seat among his ministers in the Divan : he is no longer concealed from them by a screen, but converses familiarly with all. And in his weekly processions to the great mosque, innumerable are the memorials which we have seen presented to him by Greeks as well

* In his work just published, entitled "Constantinople et le Bosphore de Thrace, pendant les anndes1812, 1813, et 1814, et pendant l'anntre 1826.

as Turks, both of whom appeared confident that their complaints would be heard, and their grievances redressed if possible. All these memorials are read to him, and his decisions are immediately communicated to the memo- rialists.

The personal character of the present Sultan must have great influence on the events of the war. He is inflexible in his purposes ; careless alike of the threats and promises of the Christian powers, he obstinately perseveres in his designs. Conscious that his empire is at this moment stronger than it has been for a century past, and that from the sanctity of his vicarial dignity (he is accounted the lawful successor of the Prophet by a great portion of the Mohammedan world, many of whose princes, in other respects independent, receive investiture at his hands) he can at any time, by unfurling the sacred standard, rouse to dreadful energy all true believers," he appears undis- mayed at the approach of the crisis, arid his people evidently share in his confidence, and repose the fullest reliance on the wisdom of his superin- tending government.—Foreign Quarterly. Review, No. 5.