THE MAGAZINES.

Ix the Nineteenth. Century " The Outlook from Australia " is discussed by Mr. J. Hogue, who was lately Minister of Public Instruction in New South Wales. Mr. Hogue argues that Australia, on account of her peculiar geographical position, ber vast area and varied resources, and, not least, her scanty population, is bound to be looked at with interest by nations requiring an outlet for their surplus population. He pro- • Leases of Prose. By Annie Matheson. With Two Studies by May Sinclair. London : Stephen Swift. Os. aet.1 t Jolts Stuart, Bari of Bute. By J. A. Lovat-Fraser, M.A. Cambridge : at the University Press. L2& 6d. net]

ceeds to show that the two nations most likely to be concerned with Australia in the future are Germany and Japan. But before Germany could set foot in Australia she would have to destroy the British Fleet, and Mr. Hogue declares that " it is the prevailing opinion in Australia that a war between Great Britain and Germany would give Japan her opening for a decisive move on the South Pacific." To avert these dangers three steps are, in Mr. Hogue's opinion, necessary. The first is to increase the white population of Australia by encouraging immigration ; the second is that her local fleet should be placed under the absolute control of the Admiralty and become a unit in the Imperial Navy ; and the third is the establishment of industrial peace.—Major H. N. Schofield writes upon " Our Shortage of Horses for War," and suggests in some detail a scheme for their mobilization. He begins by re- minding us that "we cannot say that our expeditionary force can mobilize unless we can also say that each unit will undoubtedly get its full number of horses in the required time." The Regular Army at home requires about 44,000 horses, to bring its ranks to war strength, and the Territorial Forces about another 86,000. The increase in the use of motors now makes it uncertain whether this supply could be obtained with the necessary rapidity. The most important reform which Major Schofield suggests is the institution of an annual census of horses, based upon

military classification, and he adds that "the provision of horses to the expeditionary force in due time is of such supreme importance to its fighting power that the considera- tion of a few thousands of pounds should surely not weigh heavily in the balance."---Sir Harry Johnston contributes

an interesting article upon "The Protection of the Indian Fauna." He comments upon the devastation that has been wrought upon the wild fauna of Northern India by big game shooters since the middle of the last century, after which be proceeds to a criticism of the pro- posed Indian Game Protection Act. The solution of the difficulty suggested by Sir Harry Johnston is the establish- ment in different parts of India of game sanctuaries, on the lines of Yellowstone Park, some of which are already in existence.—We may also mention a reply by Mr. E. D. Morel to M. Philippe Millet's article upon the Morocco Crisis, and an article by Mr. Jesse Collings upon the Government's land policy.

Perhaps the most interesting feature in the National Review is a sketch by Mr. Rudyard Kipling entitled " The Bene- factors." This is a parable in which Mr. Kipling draws an

illuminating lesson as to the effects of the recent coal strike. --Mr. H. W. Wilson writes upon " The Mediterranean Peril and How to Meet it." After tracing the gradual weakening of the British naval force in the Mediterranean, he proceeds to argue that, although to be superior in the primary field (that is, the North Sea) is absolutely vital, the secondary field can- not be neglected. He then shows that in the next three years France will not be in a position to meet the navies of the

Triple Alliance in the South without substantial aid from England or Russia, and, further, that Russia will have no Dreadnoughts complete before 1915. The final step in Mr. Wilson's argument is to show that the margin of our superiority over Germany in the North Sea is not sufficient to allow us to detach any ships for service in the Mediterranean. Mr. Wilson, therefore, demands the acceleration of this and next year's programmes of con- struction and supplementary programmes of at least two Dreadnoughts and twenty destroyers, besides the necessary complemeht of men.—An interesting contrast is drawn by Mr. J. 0. P. Bland between " Young China and Young Turkey." After showing that the course of the revolutionary

movement in the two countries has been to some extent parallel, Mr. Bland argues that this similarity is mainly superficial and that there exist fundamental differences in the political character of the two races. These, he holds, will outweigh eventually the temporary ascendancy of any par- ticular class of politicians. He sums up the distinction as follows : -

"The Turkish Revolution was a movement effectively organized against the real tyranny of a corrupt and vindictive ruler by the leaders of a highly centralized military Power ; its objects were, not to destroy the social structure of the dominant race, but to solidify its power and to conciliate or divide the non-Turkish elements in the State. To this extent, it was a Revolution justified by necessity and, to some extent, by its results. The Chinese Revolution has grown out of tie accidental success of an insignificant local rebellion, precipitated by the moral and physical helplessness of rulers who had lost all capacity for ruling. Destitute of all constructive genius, without authoritative leaders or permanent elements of cohesion, the Chinese Republic has been suddenly conferred upon a people that neither wants nor under- stands representative government. Under such conditions, it would seem as if only a miracle, in the shape of a strong leader endowed with extraordinary political wisdom—a Chinese Charle- magne or Peter the Great—can save the nation from complete disorganization and disruption."

—Among the other articles is a delightful one " In Defence of the Brown Rat," by Miss Frances Pitt.

The Contemporary Review contains an article upon the Home Rule Bill by Lord Courtney of Penwith, who is, however, by

no means an enthusiastic supporter of the measure. He begins by arguing at length in favour of the introduction of Proportional Representation. Passing to details of the Bill, he criticises the proposal to band over the control of the Post Office to the Irish Government, and on the other hand regrets that the administration of Old-Age Pensions and of the Constabulary is to be retained by the Imperial Executive. With regard to the financial relations between the two

3ountries Lord Courtney states his conviction that "fiscal sutonomy should be the accompaniment of Home Rule."

Ile question of 'Ulster he dismisses somewhat lightly, while expressing his disbelief in the practicability of excluding the North-Eastern Counties from the operation of the Bill. He finally states his belief that in the end the measure may,

with material alterations, be carried by consent. —Mr. H. N. Brailsford contributes an article upon " Germany and the Balance of Power," which follows somewhat familiar lines.

He finds that the struggle to maintain the balance of power places us in a dilemma. There are difficulties on the one hand in maintaining an alliance with France and on the other in any isolated Anglo-German understanding.

"The true line of advance may be found in an attempt to combine the policy of the Haldane mission with the abortive efforts of the Caillaux negotiations. A simultaneous under- standing of all three Powers on both these lines would end the unrest in Europe by removing its causes. It is easy to allocate places in the sun.' It is not difficult to reach stability in Franco- German relations on the basis of economic collaboration. But it is essential that both negotiations should be undertaken together, and on a concerted plan. There would be no breaking of the Anglo-French entente if both Powers were agreed to deal with Germany. When that point was reached, it would be possible to envisage the question of armaments in its entirety, and to relax the military pressure on the Vosges, by the same instrument which limited the naval rivalry in the North Sea."

—The Government's Franchise Bill is discussed by Mr.

Joseph King, who paints the measure in the most favour- able colours. Besides satisfying democratic sentiment by giving force to the principle of " One Man One Vote," it clears up the cumbersome inconsistencies of our franchise law and registration system. With regard to the Unionist demand for redistribution, Mr. King remarks that " perhaps some pledge that the provisions of this Bill should not be operative unless and until a redistribution of seats scheme has been passed, and also become operative, would enable the whole question of our representative system to be advanced by general agree- ment." Mr. King evidently regrets that the Franchise Bill contains no preamble.—Mr. Ellis W. Davies writes upon the report of the Departmental Committee upon the break-up of landed estates.

A good deal of space is devoted in the Fortnightly to the study of eighteenth-century adventurers, male and female, beginning with Lord Rosebery's paper, " The Coming of Bonaparte." This was originally written as a preface to an edition published in this country of M. Vandal's book, L'Avenement de Bonaparte, and noticed in our columns some five months ago. Lord Roscbery gives a brilliant summary of the French historian's work, and shows us in detail the adventurous steps which led to Napoleon's seizing the government of France. This consummation was possible because the French people had " for ten years been living on high aspirations varied by massacre, believing that legislation can effect everything, even transform human nature ; and that taxation can be so adjusted by getting rid of the wealthy

RS to enrich and benefit the poor—worshipping, in fact, the silly gods that blight a nation. In five years 3,400 laws

had been enacted—enough to make the mouths of modern legislators water, enough to convert earth into heaven, were

earth convertible by such means." In the disillusionment that followed the inevitable demand came for a saviour of

society, and Napoleon was ready to fill the part. The elements of comedy were not wanting in the sweeping away of the old order, such as the forced exit of the "Five Hundred." The imitation Senators fled before the soldiers, leaving traces of their flight in the shape of scraps of togas hanging on bushes and trees. —Mr. Gribble's account of Mlle. Montansier reads like the wildest work of fiction. She began her career during the reign of Louis XV. amid scenes which come straight from the region of the comedy of intrigue, but soon her true character asserted itself. She was, in fact, above all things a woman of business, and her field of operations the exploitation of the theatrical world. She did not act herself, but managed theatres, and even aspired to the creation of a trust which was to include the whole drama in France. Her power of looking after herself in troublous times was immense. When Dumoriez occupied Brussels she saw the theatrical capabilities of the situation, and appealed for a subsidy to enable her "to propagate the principles of Liberty . . . by means of illusion and persuasion" and left Paris with 21,000 of public money to open a theatre in Brussels. But the Belgians were not to be persuaded and would not go to her entertainments. Nothing daunted she returned to Paris and was denounced as a "suspect," but her powers of self-defence were such that she was never brought to trial. Her energy never flagged and she emerged from prison demanding compensation to the extent of seven million francs. She received in the end not seven but eight millions, though, the payment being made in assignats, the sum was not quite so magnificent as it sounded. The Directorate installed her as leader of theatrical frivolity in Paris, and her prosperity was such that Barras suggested her as a rich wife for his indigent friend General Bonaparte. The negotiations were actually going forward when the events of Vendemiaire took place and altered the General's outlook.—Much more romantic and without the- element of successful business is the tragic story of the Princess Tarakanova as told by Prince Bariatinsky. The history of, this unfortunate girl, who fascinated so many people, ia:

enveloped in uncertainties. It seems unlikely that she was what she claimed to be—the child of the secret mar- riage of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia with Count. Razoumovsky. But she fell a victim to the jealousy of Catherine by means of the heartless treachery of her agent, Orloff. The Empress ordered him to bring the adventuress. alive or dead to Russia. Orloff made love to her in Italy and kidnapped her at Leghorn with the help of the English Consul. Catherine profited by the result, but disgraced her- agent, and the unfortunate girl died in prison at Petersburg..

We are apt to look on the eighteenth century as an age of cold reason, but did such romances as these take place at any. other time ?—Mr. G. H. Powell writes a clever paper on "Romance versus Reality," in which he points out that such anti-romanticists as Mr. Bernard Shaw are not true realists, but merely create their own fictions to set up in oppo--, sition to the romanticism they decry.--Mr. John Macdonald.

gives us a spirited and entertaining account of the visit of the five hundred London school children to Paris, where they delighted our neighbours. The blonde complexions of the girls and the boys with their military water-bottles won all hearts. As one of the party remarked, " Yes, there's no doubt abaht it—we're It, that's wot we is. Our faces in the papers,. people wanting to kiss us. Wot they're going to do when we've gone, goodness only knows."

Brigadier-General J. K. Scott-Moncrieff gives an interesting account in Blackwood's of the life of Dr.-Pennell, a medical missionary at Bannu, on the N.W. frontier of India, who died in the spring of this year. Many thrilling stories are told of Dr. Pennell's adventures among the frontier tribesmen and of the ascendancy that he gradually gained over them. One sick man is mentioned, for instance—a Pathan—who travelled two hundred miles from the interior of Afghanistan to be , cured by the English doctor, " who was not only a man of skill, but a man of the Book."--" A Forgotten Battle : a Study in Obscure Naval History," is the title of an by Mr. Douglas G. Browne. The battle in: question was fought in. 1810 off Mauritius between an English and a French squadron. - The story of this fierce

fight is told with great vigour, its hero being Captain Willoughby, of the frigate Nereide.' The engagement ended in disaster for the English, but Mr. Browne hardly exaggerates when he says that " the last fight of the ' Nereide,' although utterly neglected and cast away upon the scrap-heap of history, is worthy of a place beside that of Grenville's Revenge.' "—Sir Robert Dudley, a natural son of Elizabeth's Earl of Leicester, is the subject of an article by Mr. David Hannay upon "A Complete Elizabethan Gentleman." Dudley had a most adventurous career, which included a notorious legitimacy ease, and which ended in the service of the Medicis in Florence.—Colonel Sir Henry Knollys writes enthusiastically upon the progress of Egypt during the last eleven years, and is not less hopeful as to its suture development. " It is as plain as the multiplication table," he writes, "that, under present auspices, finance, 1,dministration, orderliness, wealth, and general prosperity must develop into still further excellence."

The United Service Magazine for July contains a very

curious article by Mr. Wolmer Whyte on " A Poet of the Peninsular War." The poet in question was George Augustus Aynge, the eldest son of Lieutenant George Aynge, of the Royal Artillery. When sixteen he left England and joined Wellington's army as a volunteer, but it was not till the close of the war that he described his experiences, physical and psychological, in his curious rough verses, which, though they read like a mixture of Crabbe and Byron in " Don Juan," were probably not in reality affected by those masters. In any case Aynge's poetry has a weird and impressive realism of its own which haunts the mind. Take, for example, the following two stanzas descriptive of the author's first action :-

" Our party had nine crippled, seven dead.

Some rigged rude litters to convey the wounded ; The younger soldiers, seeing blood thus shed The first time in their lives, the dead surrounded, With feelings of compassion, awe and wonder At souls and bodies torn so soon asunder.

Surprise and pity, not unmixed with dread, Some felt to see such suddenness of death— For slaughtered men are not like other dead

Who die by sickness, wasting breath by breath, And while alive the signs of life are giving— For they, though dead, appeared to be still living.'

Very impressive is the description of the capture of Ciudad Rodrigo. The storming of Badajoz is also vividly described. Aynge's power of seizing a picturesque incident is proved by his description of how when the first body of English soldiers burst into the town they found nothing but deserted streets.

The city seemed spellbound. Indeed, after traversing street after street and meeting no one, though the lights from in- numerable lamps shone on them, they turned back with relief to join the fighting which was still going on around the breach. Here is the description of the deserted town :-

"Life moved not there, and silence reigned around,

Save buzzing whispers, now and then, which fell From doors and lattices with ghostly sound. The city seemed beneath some magic spell— All light, yet noiseless—life within a pall— Strange contrast to the thunder at the wall !

Street after street they traversed, meeting none; No door or lattice open, while the light Of lamps innumerable on them shone In brilliance that was dazzling to the sight. Great wonderment was theirs as through they passed Those lonely streets, and reached the square at last.

With bugles sounding, traversing each street And square, the British =resisted went, Surprised that they no friend nor foe could meet,

Till, wearied with their search, their way they bent To where the tumult on the walls still raged, And once again in bloody strife engaged !"

The whole of the article is well worth reading, not only by students of military history, but by those of literature, for the poem has distinctly a quality of ite own.