PRACTICAL MEASURES.

No. IL PENSIONS.

HAVING treated of the Civil List Pensions in our first paper, we shall

in the present endeavour to exhibit the entire system of Pensions in all its magnitude,--a system which, owing to the complicated and mys- tifying character of the Public Accounts, is very imperfectly appre. tended by the public, if not completely misunderstood.

When constituencies and the people clamorously call for a revision of the Pension List and the abolition of all undeserved pensions, and when many Members of Parliament pledge themselves to vote in com- pliance with their demands, we feel pretty sure that neither the one nor the other imagine that all this turmoil only involves the cousidera. tion of some fuer.hundredilt part of the public income. Yet such is really the case. By pensions, the masses mean, a payment fiw which no pre- sent service is rendered ; and by undeserved pensions, a payment for no service at all, or of an amount exceeding the desert of the receiver. The Ministers and every official man, when they debate upon the subject, mean only the Civil List Pensions,--a sum of less than 140,000/. But this delusion (for it is no better) is only understood by a few attentive and hard-working Members of Parliament.

In our exposition of the subject, we shall speak in the popular sense,

and class every payment for which no present service 13 nadercd as a pen- sion: making no difference, for instance, between the 6:;,500i. which is voted in the Army Estimates for the " Full Pay for Reduced and Re- tired Officers," and the 54,960/. which is charged upon the Consolidated Fund for " Pensions of the Diplomatic Service ;" considering the 2,2001. a year of Mr. GEORGE HARRISON, formerly "Assistant Secre- ' tary and Auditor of Treasury Accounts," as much a pension, not- withstanding it is softly called, in official language, a " superannua. tion allowance," as Mr. CHOKER'S a year, which figures among the " Pensions for Civil Services " of the Consolidated Fund. And in carrying out our objects, we shall consider—first, the principle or rationale of pensions • second, the practical Ili:uncial re-ulte they nave produced, exhibited generally and in sonic detail; third, the measures to be adopted with a view to remedy the evil.

THE RATIONALE OF PENSIONS.

After the best consideration we can give the subject, we have come to the conclusion that the true principle is altogether to ubelish pen- sions—pay for which no present service is rendered—audio ,tiobid them by,law. If we look around upon society, where practices naturally adapt themselves to the circumstances of the time and the general moral feelings of the people, pensions are a very rare exception. Where they exist, they are mostly grunted from personal feeling or family ties,— as in the case of domestic servants or nurses ; both which motives, how- ever amiable, are always denounced as vices when they operate in public life. Merchants are not in the habit of pensioning the sailors they employ ; they never think of putting the officers of their ships upon half--pay, or of giving them " retired full pay," after a certain length of service. Yet if the discipline in the mercantile marine is less strict, or more properly perhaps, less regular, than in a King's ship, there is room for more caprice : the work is both harder and the d.tnger greater, from the smaller number of hands a merchantman carries. The argument drawn from the mercantile service, so far us it is valid, applies to the Army; for the hardships, exposure, and risks of the sailor, are greater than those of the soldier : and there are several manufacturing businesses where the waste of human life, or the risk

i

of casualties, is perhaps quite as considerable as in either of those pro- fessions, yet where the workmen are never pensioned by their emloyers. In other civil employments, the practice of pay without service is equally unknown. The higher artificers of a private shipbuilder must lay by a fund for old age, or contribute to some joint stock benefit fund, or take the consequences of their neglect. The same may be said of all the superior and confidential classes of workmen in employments, whether analogous or dissimilar to those which Government under- takes. In any official or clerkly comparison, the principle of no unpro- ductive expenditure—no pay without work—equally obtains. The banker, the merchant, the manufacturer, the trader, the professional man, pays Lis clerks, workmen, and assistants, the current rate of remuneration, and leaves them to pension themselves by their own forethought. And as regards individuals employed by individuals, there is an ad- ditional drawback in the uncertainty of their employment. Workmen. and many persons ranking above them, are frequently dismissed to seek fresh engagements : their loss of tune, indeed, through this cause, is an important diminution of their scanty income. Even the more con- fidential employ6s, from failures, if from nothing else, have much less of certainty than men in public employ • who, in a properly-regulated system, would be in the way of well-doing for life. Yet when Go- vernment adopts the uncertainty of private paymasters, it follows their practice. Day workmen, and supernumerary clerks " not on the esta- blishment," are dismissed at pleasure, and have no claim to any pension. Persons who hold office during what is called good behaviour, are all, or at least were, entitled to a pension ; so that those who want it the most get it the least.

It may be alleged that the pay of persons in private employ is higher than men under that of Government. In the Navy it is, but in every other department lower, in proportion to the hours, &assiduity, and the kind of work required--"the King's chaff is better thun other folk's corn." Even admitting the fact to the fullest extent, the logical conclusion is not in favour of pensions, but of increase of pay. It may be urged, that if the pay of inferior employCs and of soldiers and sailors were raised, they would squander it at the time : which may be admitted to affect the individual's benefit, but not the public principle. Nor is there any thing to prevent the application of this increased pay to the formation of a pension or superannuation fund, analogous to the volun. tary benefit-societies of private individuals, or the more methodical insurance-funds of mines and factories, and similar in kind to the " superannuation fund " established byGovernment in many of the civil departments within these few years. As regards any additional ex- pense 110(11 a proper addition to the pay of the employed, our table of Pay and Pensions will presently show that the notion is altogether [',surd.

The only kind of pension as to which any doubt remains in our

minds, is Naval and Military Half-pay. The necessity of having, in time of pence, a number of experienced officers who may be called out at a moment in time of war, is the only reason to be alleged in its favour; and we are not disposed altogether to question its theoretical validity' as long as the two services are officered by the pink and manned by the outcasts of society. But if the example of foreign nations were fol. lowed, and promotion offered to the well-conducted private, the Army would be recruited from a better class of men, and its noncommissioned officers furnish any number of subalterns that might be suddenly re. quired. In the Navy, indeed, the Midshipmen, who are not entitled to half-pay, seem to 'furnish a nursery for naval officers; and there is no reason why a similar class should not be introduced into the Army,. But, if half-pay be maintained, to keep up a corps de reserve of offi. cers, it should be fixed in some certain proportion by the strict letter of the law. Experience shows that official regulations are utterly use. less.

All that has been said upon pensions in general, applies with still more force to the higher class of public servants, or rather, to public servants with the higher class of salaries. Through the aristocratical prejudices of our Legislature, they are mostly men of fortune, who do not require pensions ; and if adventurers are found in a Ministry, to whose narrow means a retiring pension is an addition of the lust im- portance, instead of fulfilling their official duties, or considering the most beneficial course of policy for the country, and the most ho- nourable for themselves, it is to be feared that they strain their arts and their influence to spin out the duration of a Ministry regardless of dis• grace, until it has lived long enough to give them by law or regulation a pension for life. It may be asked, " Is no one, then, to have a reward from a nation beyond the stipulated hire ? is great merit, exerted in the public service, to have nothing more than common pay ? "—In a lofty philosophical sense, it might be answered that public approbation, and the distinction and celebrity it confers, are in themselves a reward : but peculiar services are an exception, and must be treated as such. Even here, however, we would not pension. Purchase for any man who has deserved pre- eminently well of his country, an estate like Blenheim or Strathfield- saye, or vote him a sum of money, and place it in the hands of trustee, for investment. And this will be by fur the cheaper way. Look at the pension granted on the Post-office revenues to the Dukes of Mar. nottouou, which the country has been paying for one hundred and twenty or thirty years, but which thirty years' purchase at the utmost would have procured at starting, and settled for ever. If it be not desired to grant a perpetual income, buy an annuity; but, we earnestly repeat, abolish pensions by law. There are some persons of limited experience, and incapable of rising to general views, who, in any consideration they give this subject, are altogether swayed by cases of individual hardship that may have fallen within their knowledge. They only look at the wants of the recipients on one side, and the merit of public compassion on the other. Active compassion in helping the needy with the public money, is, however, no pure of the function of agovernment ; and if want be a reason for being pensioned, it would be impossible ever to get people off or to keep them off the pension-list. The wealthiest have some wish ungratified, or some worthy purpose in view beyond their means ; and there is no lack of poverty anywhere. Under a proper system of payment,—and this we would gladly see established,—to pension a man's relations, or the man himself, because he has during a considerable period been receiving the public pay, is a gross act of extortion upon the tax.payers. Nor is it difficult to imagine that much imprudence or extravagance has been fostered by the hopes or the chances which the Pension-list has held out to thoughtless individuals.

This is not a mere abstract theory, taken up upon sudden thoughts and supported by such reasons as ingenuity can furnish ; but it is, we think, a principle, and is at all events deduced from facts, which no nation can furnish in such profusion as the English. The enormous abuses we shall next proceed to exhibit, are no small proofs of the unsoundness of the system we condemn, whatever may be thought of the principle we would establish.

PENSIONING IN PRACTICE,

The amount of what is called our " Dead-weight "—i. e. our pen- sions—pay without service—is a general matter of astonishment and complaint amongst persons who have given any attention to the state of our finances. Yet there are very few documents hr which its exact amount can be seen stated. The accounts of the Exchequer merely give some of the Civil pensions, mixing together the Effective and Dead-weight payments of the Army and Navy. The accounts ema- nating from the Treasury display these respective costs of the Army and Navy with tolerable clearness, but jumble the Civil Pensions toge- ther in a most deceptive manner ; in addition to which, the accountants express themselves in a jargon unintelligible to almost everybody else. A person who bad been practised, or had practised himself, in the subject, might indeed draw up a pretty full statement for the current year, by going carefully through the first eighty accounts of the volume called the Finance Accounts, and then examining the Army, Ordnance, Commissariat, Navy, and Miscellaneous Estimates ; though here he would occasionally be defeated from the vague nature of some state- ments, and the manner in which particulars, separate in their nature, are blended together in one lump sum. Those who object to this labour, may learn the total amounts from several financial works, and see the details pretty fully exhibited for the year 1832-33 in the Spec- tator's Supplement on Expenditure, published about five years ago. But, we believe, there has never yet been given a clear comparative view of the sums respectively paid for Pay and Pension, so as to show the actual cost of the personnel of each branch of service which does the work, in contrast with that which has ceased to do any thing. To accomplish this as correctly as it is possible with the data at our dis- posal, is the object of the annexed table. The course we have pur- sued in framing it, has been, to deduct from the general expense of the department, those charges which obviously do not relate to the personnel, or those payments which are made to persons who, we believe, are not entitled to pensions by the rules of the service, and who, though they may get them in special cases, are too few in number to affect the general totals to any extent. Thus, from the Navy Estimates we deduct the amounts for timber and stores for shipbuilding, the cost of snaking embankments, erecting new buildings, &c. as well as rent, and all those expenses which fall under the head of contingencies : the wages of common workmen, whom we consider not entitled to allowances of any kind, are also excluded. By this means, we fairly pit pay against pension ; the Pay column containing only those receivers who are en- titled to a pension, and the Pension column showing the incomes of those persons who do no work for their pay. In pursuing this process of subtraction throughout the multitudinous accounts, we have not scrupled to give and take where we doubted the character of the detail pay- ments ; yet when contingencies wefe blended with other charges in one general amount, we have let them stand. We may also inform the accomplished official, that we are aware of some small omissions chiefly under the head of Public Offices. It would have answered no purpose to swell the table with the trifling charges of minor offices. In an extensive view of this kind, very minute accuracy is not important ;

i

nor if it were, is it attainable under the present disgracefully confused state of the Public Accounts.

COMPARATIVE VIEW OF VIE COST OF PAY AND PENSIONS IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THEE PUBLIC SERVICE.

The Nunkrs in the table refer to the X. of Accouat in the Finance Accounts ending

January 1s37.

Conpensafions charged on the Consolidated Fund, No. 69; and Voted in NI iscellaneons Estimates, (Nos. 3 out 4)

Eel Camden, to make good the deficiency of his fees as late one of the Tellers of the Exchequer *20,022 Allred Copps. Keeper of the Lions in the Tower 206 W.aglimasters of Butter. for deficieneies of fees 4,024

Sir Abraham Bradley King, late Grand Master .4 an Ouinge Lodge, and late King's Stationer in Ireland.

(A very gross job.) 9,500 Linen Ward, and sundry small offices lu Scotland and Irelaud 16,006 49.750

TOTAL AMOUNT or PENaroNsi FOR Armen NO ANAT.00OrS Arne SE.aV=CE sESEIS TO BE RENDERED so as ro FURNIsq EWAN.:

CuMEARISON

(The authorities for the following are the respective Estimates.) Atm,

(*Malty a Infantry, :nil Infany, both of the Guards and of the Line Civil Departments tt' the Army,

The Horse G u trio Secretary tit War's Office

A,!j.itant.Genetals Office

Q utermaster.Generars Office .fiolge.Advocate.General Abolished Offtees,or departments included iu the Army cliar4e,

asthe Medical Departineut

Etuineers, Sappers, and Miners, and Artillery Civir Departments

COMMISSARIAT

Nsvv.

telloors. Seamen, and, Marines," wages awl victuals," Civil Departments nt the Navy,

Shipbuilding:Ind Dock.vards, Victualling and Medi • cal Establishments, Marine Barracks and Marino Infirmaries Admiralty £120 107 Office ts751,..:t2i1

&icutitic branch

?

3,115,911

12.S71 ',79 7.135 9,322 4,35; 406 047 151.i3•5

73,505 1,520,443 X1,126,629 2.430,051 772 2.0,3.?3 435 6:3 1,200 24,285 109 773 60.072 51.726 1,339,420

DIPLOMATIC SERVICE.

AMIre,00lorS (No. 70) (Mise,Ilanewis Estimatt•s, Nos. 2 and 3)

Slave Trade Commissioners, (Ditto) /vs ries, Courts of Justice in England and Wales and Ireland, so far as 2'0,030

10a.79a ts3,:ts9

11,300 20.3,703 13,746 5,069 paid iron, Con:olidated Fund, (No. 71)

051,062 177.216

Ditto sethud. (No. (33) 931,::j5 14,105

(The f;dlotting are chiefly from the Mi,edlarteous .Estbiette e.)

Pant.ISSIEXT, Hulse of Lords

°Q.0;,0

4.200

Iluase of Commune

45,000 6,597 Prifiac tireless, Treasury

.47.330

11,020 Exchequer and Paymaster of Civil Services, (just established). 15..u.'0 3,267 Payitiast praGeneral. (just established) 33,900

Audit °flies Mint 42.235 26.120 11.023 1.819 Home Office 18.453 3,059 Foreign Office 22.467 3,009 Colonial Office 19.545 6.312 Privy Council and Board of 'Pratte 21,2x8 2,063 The 1)uksra' Msutneuermespension is 5,000/,, and nenomnsiore mow.: let Ire Give them as

art do,rn. We oho give Lord CA Moss's as it stonds. 1,..riner!y ,107 retOre•A 2.7001. and paid over the surplus to the pubic : he muy du se you, but ue Imaa got band auy repayment cermet to account.

PAY.

The Civil List for the personal expense or Majesty, including £ 73004. pensions. (Finance Accounts. No. 67) Pensions to the Royal Family, and for" Military. Naval, and Miscellaneous," and ire may add, 1Volown S.av kes. (No. 6-0 Topioss payable nut of the Gross Revenue before if reaches the Exeliequer, and whilst yet iu the hands of the Otlicers who re- ceive Evh,F, (So. 23)

Duke of Gtalton £7 200

Tail Cowper 6Assignees of the late Charles Boone, Esq., moiety of the 1,00

Lid of Bath's pension 1,200 Post Office, (No. 44)

hike or Marlborough* 3,125

Duke of Grafton (additional, see Excise) 3,407 Heirs of the Duke of &homburg 2,900

emriorwations payable out of the Gross Revenue before it reaches the Exchequer, and whilst yet in the hands of the Officers who receive it,-viz.:

Customs, (No.17) Compensation allowances to Naval Officers in the Plan- tations 3,922

Compensation to Naval Officers of the Co kr:4 G sant Ser

vice, for the loss of halLpay 23.014 26,936

C• ,'ems, Ireland, (No. 2)) ,i,misations to Officers of the late Irish Fishery

k..aablisliment 204 Compensations to Naval Officers of the Coast Guard Sect ice, for loss of half-pay 7,436 Excise, Ireland, (No. 29) Allowances to the late Officers of the Tax office in Ire- land, over and above the arrears of duty collected 9,si1

PENSION.

510,000 510,019

•

10,000

9,432 34,576 9,844 Alien Office

COLT.ECTION OF Till REVENUE,

Customs. (Finance Accounts, No.9) 500 566,016 2,057 177.526 Excise, (Ditto) Stamp Offices, (Ditto)

7361230066 1219512161

Land and Assessed Tax OffiCe, (Ditto) 49.195 26,310 Post Office, (Ditto)* 2495'1.3 26,613 Management of Crown Lands, (Ditto) 22.466 9,185

8,111,778 6,026,809 Intr. 212 623 979 2.219 35/ 32 613 470

5,499 Idle. Symm ARV.

Total of Pay, £8,111,778. Total of Pensions, £6,006,809.

Of the results of this table it may be truly said, that there is no- thing like it in the world. Eight millions for the payment of present service, and six millions for the pensions of past ; inde- pendent of the " Dead-weight " juggle between the Government and the Bank of England, which would considerably swell the amount could it be truly stated!-it is a product, as JOHNSON observed of Pope's Homer, " that no age or nation can pretend to equal." Who after this can ever talk of national ingratitude ? True it is, thatOrwAY and BUTLER died in penury, if not of absolute want ; that GOLD- SMITH and BURNS, with many other lights of a past age, struggled with poverty and difficulty, as did COLF.RIDGE and others in our own times : but never mind, whilst we have such a Pay and Pension table to prove how freely we pay and spend our taxes.

But the facts which the details of this table furnish are of too sin- gular and striking a kind to be altogether passed over. Space and time indeed would fail us to display the subject in all its richness; but we will do something, if not much,-0 reader !

" Give all we can, and let you dream the rest."

After the substantial question of the comparative amount of pay and pension, the next point which naturally suggests itself is the respective number of recipients ; but in many instances this cannot be stated at all, and in none with perfect completeness. The nearest approxima- tion, however, is in the Army. Excluding the King's troops in India, paid by the Company, the total amount of persons engaged in active service is 81,311 ; whilst the number of individuals receiving pensions is 93,336. The number of officers on actual service is 4,515; the number pensioned is 5,901, or, including those of disbanded foreign regiments, 6,592. In the Ordnance, the number of officers employed is 746 ; of pensioned, 625. lint all this is nothing to the Navy. The grossamount of half-pay &c. for officers only, is upwards of 810,000/. ; the pity of officers, sailors, and marines " afloat," is only 911,4201. ; so that the regular pensions to officers only, (independent of pure pensions for extraordinary services,) is within one-ninth part of the whole pay of the Navy employed. If the cost of the officers paid be compared with the cost of the officers idle, the disproportion is of course grosser. There are 1,513 officers actively employed, at a cost of 277,0631. ; but there are 5,986 idle, at a cost of 810,7711. Here is a COUP DVIL or THE COST AND NUMBERS OF NAVAL AND MARINE OFFICERS ItECEtVING r.tv OR PENSION.

:Cumbers. Pa V. £ Numbers.

PetesiON. 115 Flag Officers and their re- 4,416 Commissioned Officers, in- 30,540

tains. Lieutenants,, Mas- tinue clotting Admirals, Cap- 7 Officers superiutencling Duds yards4,430 lets. and Chaplains 6665%3057 1,153 Captains, Commanders,

613 Medical Officers Lieutenants, Ma•aers, 470 l'ursers 38,927 Surgeons, and Pursers.. 193,949 1.275 210 763,41419 5,499 , 230 Marine Officers 50,044 4117 Marine Offictis 47.357

1,513 Total Active, £277.063 5,986 Total Idle, X810,771 This is bad, but worse remains behind. j The contents of the fol. lowing table, exhibiting the comparative numbers of naval officers employed and idle, are so astounding, indeed incredible in their results, that we think it necessary to give chapter and verse for the statements. The inquisitive reader will find the data from which this table is formed at pages 5 and 42 of the Navy Estimates for the year 1837-8. If he wishes to purchase the document at HANSARD'S office in Great Turnstile, Lincoln's Inn Fields, be must ask for " No. 25" of the Parliamentary Papers fur 1837.

TABLE OF THE COMPARATIVE NUMBERS OF NAVAL OFFICERS

EMimOrsl1 • ND IDLE

EMPLOYED,

11 Admirals 61 Captains 65 Co amanders 39.4 lieutenants 210 Masters :i•4 Chaplains 29d Nletlical Officers 101 Pursers

Total ... 1,177 Emplvcd.

So that, in round numbers,

ere are 20 Admirals idle ; For every 1 17aplain employed. th 10 Captains idle: For every 1 Admiral employed. there are

Fur every 1 Commander employed, there are 15 Commanders idle;

And for every 1 Liontenaut emplo1 ed, Ili. re arc 6 Lieutenants idle.

To complete this extraordinary specimen of pensioning in practice, we will state the most striking items of its proportionate cost.

TAY Ton PENslurr

For Commanders employed is... 19.502 For Commanders idle is

For Lieutenants employed is.... 49,53.4 For Lieutenants idle is 4153107' *150Z3697

21S,041.

For Admirals employed is £24.401 For Admirals idle is

For Captains caliph.; k 30,s30 ' For Captains idle is

Another table upon this subject, and we stop. The following is a comparative view of the respective amounts of some of the principal branches of the Army Dead-weight expenditure, as it stood in 1817, and as it stands now. We take 1817, (virtually three years after the general peace,) to allow ample time for the reduction of the Army to a peace establishment, and as therefore affording the fairest specimen of what the Army Dead-weight was at the heaviest period it could ever have rightly been,-namely, at the close of a lung and arduous war. A single glance will suffice to show, that in several instances there has been a considerable addition of pension expenditure after twenty years of uninterrupted peace. The only two diminutions of any consequence are in Pensions for Wounds and to Foreign Officers, where no interest • The small comparative yens.. m11.4 of tt' Po-t-0111.u• is expssinable by all the day piny of 130:L..eis and t, rvst-voiceskerpers being lorludra MS the Fay catouma,

waits:the served by increasing the amounts, and where increase was indeed impossible from the nature of the case. The euthority for the column of 1817, is the Third Report of the Fillet:cc Committee of 1828, .Ap- pendix I. page 30: that for IS:37 is the Army Estimaces.

COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE rFAD-Welr.lr• or TUE PIIINCI2AL BRANCHES OF.THE ARMY IN 1817 AND 1:4■137.

In ler:.

id'

Ho:.al Bowies to Relations °Meer; ki:441 to hetioa pensions tor Wounds ..L;;.7...;

Foreign IlaMpay and Peusiini 1•24.':'50 '; 10,0

Commissat 5 Sup0rauttuation :lowances is

Civil Departments 17 :7.

Tut:I in Ii17, in 1'37, .1.'2.152,5(.3.

Whatever maybe thought of our proposition to abolish :11 future pen. .sioning by express statute,—taking care of cruise, to 11-ovide some well. considered self-supetannutitiug fund,—no one, ;titer such a display, will deny at least the practical evil; of the existites scat ID. And how they ere to be remedied, witheet the strong elle of tie !ewe MO cannot see. The Horse Guards, we believe, do pretty much es they please. The Admiralty professes to have a regulation for tile purpose of keeping down the 1101111,ms of the Half-pay list : in answer to which regulation, we otter ear list of the employed and the ',lie. But the truth is, that no regulations are sufficient to iesi,t the interests of party, the feelings

of caste, and the claims of relationehip g the dispensers of good

things. Whilst our aristocratic youths nu ei cegiee by lunar& ds for

commissions, officers he put upon the Hide pay or Retired List,

to nuke room for those %Om have the most imlnenein no matter whence it arises ; and when such young sprigs get. tired of service, they are by the same interest put upon half-pay at plcesure—pensioeed, in fact, by the nation.

This exposie and tile suggestions which act'on:it:my it, will not very likely be pleasing to our retired warriors. But, in reality, it would be a great advantage to the services to have the number of halt-pay officers greatly reduced. Were there only a few to cheo,e from, merit and service would stand sue c chance ; but in a crowd their claims ale readily evaded. Fancy that ten or twenty ships were coanniseioned tomorrow, their officers to be chosen horn the Half-pay list—how easy would it be for favouritism and nepotism to work almost without the possibility of any shameful detection in choosing from sixteen hun- dred Captains and Commanders? But suppese the choice to be made from a hundred or so—the neglect of neenewlei:gel merit, or well- founded Oath's, would be much more difficult, us being unieh more colispicuous. However, we are pethaps unticipeting the third section of the subject.

Here we break off for the present. Next week we shall complete the detailed exposition of " Pensioning in Praetiee ;" and proceed to consider what should be alone, as regards the present and the future, in this Practical Measure ; which we believe most persons will con- sider of a great deal more importance than the preparation of bills, after the fashion of those of the last two sessions, " for rejection by the Lords."

6,nera oN

lietired Full l'ay, IlaIf-pay. nod

Aponimee. C47,201 C15.560

Out-Pet.sionets l'helsen and

KiImainham 911.F.:42 1 '5.5.714

ViLors Pendons 9d.496

4

Compl9sionale List j