BOOKS.

AN INDIAN IDEALIST.*

AMIDST the jumble of political shibboleths, mainly drawn from the vocabulary of extreme Radical sentimentalists, which Mr. Mallik supplies to his readers in rich abundance, two may be selected which give the keynote to his opinions. The first, which is inscribed on the title-page, is St. Paul's statement to • Orient and Occident. By Manmath C. Malik. London : T. Fisher Cowin. [10s. 6c1.1

the Athenians that all nations of men are of one blood. The second, which occurs towards the close of his work, is that "sane Imperialism is political idealism." Both statements are paradoxical. Both contain a germ of truth. In both cases an extreme application of the principle involved would lead to dire consequences. The first-aphorism leads us to the unquestionably sound conclusion that Newton,' equally with a pygmy from the forests of Central Africa, was a human being.

It does not take us much further. The second aphorism bids am remember that the statesman who is incapable of conceiving -and attempting to realize an ideal is a mere empiricist, but it -omits to mention that if this same statesman, in pursuit of his ;ideal, neglects all his facts and allows himself to become an :inhabitant of a political Cloud Cuckoo-land, he will certainly ruin his own reputation, and may not improbably inflict very great injury upon the country and people which form the . subject of his crude experiments. On the whole, if we are to .apply that proverbial philosophy which is so dear to the mind -of all Europeanized Easterns to the solution of political problems, it will perhaps be as well to bear constantly in mind the excellent Sanskrit maxim which, amidst a collection of wise saws, Mr. Mallik quotes in his final chapter, "A wise man thinks of both pro and con."

Starting with a basis of somewhat extreme idealism, it is not surprising that Mr. Mallik has developed not only into an -ardent Indian nationalist, but also into an advanced Indian -.Radical. As to the latter characteristic, he manifestly does not like the upper classes of his own country. They are, in fact, as bad or even worse than English peers. They are" like the idle rich' elsewhere ; they squander annually in luxuries -and frivolities huge sums of money, besides hoarding up jewels, gold and silver of immense value." OccaSionally, they pose as "upholders of the Government." "Even so they do

• not conceal their fangs. When small measures of conciliation have in recent times been proposed, the 'Peers' in India have not been slow to proclaim through their organs that the • Government were rousing their suspicion."

Turning, however, to the relations between Europe and -Asia, Mr. Mallik says that it is often asserted that the two -continents "cannot understand each other—that Asia is a mystery to Europe, and must always remain so." Most people who have considered this subject have so far thought that the main reason why Europeans find it difficult to understand Asia is because, in some matters, Asia is difficult to under- stand. They have, therefore, been deeply grateful to men like the late Sir Alfred Lyall, who have endeavoured with marked ability and sympathy to explain the mystery to them. But Mr. Mallik now explains to us that no such gratitude is due, . for the reason why Asia is so often misunderstood is not on -account of any difficulties attendant on comprehension, but -because those who have paid special attention to the subject are " persons whose nature or training or self-interest leads them not to wish the understanding to take place." -Whether Mr. Mallik has done much to lighten the prevailing dark- ness and to explain the East to the West is perhaps somewhat doubtful, but it is quite certain that he has done his utmost to explain to those of his countrymen who are conversant with the English language the attitude which, in his opinion, they should adopt towards Westerns and Western civilization. In --one of the sweeping generalities in which his work abounds, .Mr. Mallik says with great truth, that "however manners may differ . . . nothing is gained by nursing a feeling of animosity." It is to be regretted that Mr. Mallik has not himself acted on the wise principle which he here enunciates. He has, however, not done so. Under the familiar garb of a friend who indulges in an excess of candour he has made a number of observations which, whether true or false, are eminently calculated to inflame that racial animosity which it is the duty of every well-wisher of India to endeavour by every means in his power to allay. He makes a lengthy and elaborate comparison between East and West, in which every plague-spot in European civilization is carefully catalogued. Every ulcer in Western life is probed. Every possible sore in the connexion between the European and Asiatic is made to rankle. On the other hand, with the cries of the Christians massacred at Adana still ringing in our ears, .Mr. Mallik, forgetful apparently of the fact that-the Turk is an Asian, tells us that "Asia, typical of the East, looks upon all races and creeds with absolute impartiality," and, further, that "gentleness and consideration are thepeealiar character-

igloo -of the East, as overbearing and rudeness, miscalled independence, and not unfrequently deserving to be called. insolence, are products of the West."

But it is the word Imperialism which more especially excites Mr. Mallik's wrath. In the first place, he altogether denies the existence of an "imperial race," being convinced of its non-existence by the strangely inconclusive argument that "if a race is made by nature imperial, every member of that race must be imperial too and equally able to rule.". In the second place, he points out that the results which, • flow from the Imperial idea are in all respects deplorable. The East had "always believed that mankind could be made saints and philosophers," but the West, :represented by Imperialism, stepped in and " shattered its belief." The West, as shown by the deference now paid to Japan, "values the bloodthirsty propensities much more than humane; activities." "The expressed desire of the Imperialist is to let darkness flourish in order that he may personally benefit.

by it. . . . Empire and Imperialism mean the triumph of retrograde notions and the infliction of insult and suffering on three hundred millions of human beings." It-is this Imperial policy which has led to the most gross injustice being inflicted on every class of the community in India. As regards the.

civil services, "the policy of fat pay, ease, perquisites, and praise are the share of the European officers, and hard work and blame that of the Indian rank and file." It is the same in the army. "In frontier wars the Indian troops have had to bear the brunt of the fighting, the European portion being held in reserve' and coming up at the end to receive all the glory of victory and the consequent rewards." It is sometimes said that the masses in India trust Englishmen more than their own countrymen. That this statement is erroneous is clearly proved by "the absence of interest of the rulers themselves in the moral and material advancement of the poorer classes." Not content with uttering this prodigious falsehood, Mr. Mallik adds a further and- fouler calumny.

• He alludes to the rudeness at limes displayed by English- men towards the natives of India — a feature in :Indian, social life which every right-thinking Englishman will be prepared to condemn as strongly as Mr. Mallik. But, not content with indicating the evil, Mr. Mallik alleges that any special act of insolence perpetrated by an Indian official meets with the warm approval of the Government. Promotion, be says, is "usual in such cases." Again, Mr. Mallik's dislike and distrust of Moslems crops up whenever he alludes to them.

Nevertheless, he does not hesitate to denounce that Govern- ment whose presence alone prevents an outbreak of sectarian strife for "sedulously fomenting" religious animosities with a view to arresting the Nationalist movement. Similarly, the constitution of the Universities has been changed with a view to rendering the youth of India "stupid and servile" instead of "clever and patriotic."

Moreover, whilst India, under the sway of Imperialism, ia "drifting to its doom," . Mr. Mallik seems to fear that a somewhat similar fate awaits England. He observes many symptoms of decay to which, for the most part, Englishmen are blind. He greatly fears that " the liberties of the people

are not safe when the Tory Party. continues in power for a long period." Neither is the prospect of Liberal ascendancy much less gloomy. Liberals are becoming " Easternized." They are getting "more and more leavened by reaction imported from India." It really looks as if "English Liberalism might soon sink to a pious tradition." In the meanwhile, Mr. Mallik, with true Eastern proclivities, warmly admires that portion of the English system which English- men generally tolerate as a necessary evil, but of which they are by no means proud. Most thinking men in this country resent the idea of Indian interests being made a shuttlecock in the atrife of party. Not so Mr. Mallik. He shudders at the idea of .Indian affairs being considered exclusively on their own merits. "If it is no party's duty to champion the cause of any part of the Empire, that part must be made over to Satan, or retained, like a convict settlement, for the breeding of ' Imperial ' ideas." He is himself quite prepared to adopt in ultra-partisan attitude. In spite of his evident dislike to the nomination of any Englishman to take part in the administration of India, he warmly applauds the appoint- ment of "a young and able official" to the Viceroy's Council, because he was "associated with a great Liberal Minister of the Crown." . It is not quite clear what, beyond a manifestation of that sympathy which his own writings are so well calculated to alienate, Mr. Mallik really wants. He thinks that there is "perhaps some truth" in the assertion that the "Aryans of India are not yet fit for self-government," and be says that "wise Indians do not claim at once the political institu- tions that Europeans have gained by along course of struggle and training, the value of which in advancing happiness is not yet always perceptible in Europe." On the other hand, he appears to be of opinion that the somewhat sweeping reforms recently inaugurated by Lord Morley and Lord Minto do not go far enough. The only practical proposals be makes are, first, that the old punchayet system in every village should be revived, and that a consultative assembly should be created, whose functions "should be wholly social and religious, poli- tical topics being out of its jurisdiction." He adds—and there need be no hesitation in cordially accepting his view on this point—that the "plan would have to be carefully thought out" before it is adopted.

The problem of how to govern India is very difficult, and is unquestionably becoming more and more so every year. Although many of the slanders uttered by Mr. Mallik are very contemptible, it is useless to ignore the fact that they are believed not only by a large number of the educated youth of India, of which he may perhaps to some extent be considered a type, but also by many of their English sympathizers. Moreover, in spite of much culpable misstatement and exaggeration, Mr. Mallik may have occasionally blundered unawares intesnaking some observations which are deserving of some slight consideration on their own merits. The only wise course for English statesmen to adopt is to possess their souls in patience, to continue to govern India in the beet interests of its inhabitants, and to avoid on the one band the extreme of repressive measures, and on the other hand the equally dangerous extreme of premature and drastic reform in the fundamental institutions of the country. In the meanwhile, it may be noted that literature such as Mr. Mallik's book can do no good, and may do nitwit harm.