THE MAGAZINES.

SIR THOMAS BARCLAY has an opportune paper in the new Nineteenth Century on "Ruthless Warfare and Forbidden Methods," based on a survey of the specific prohibitions in the Hague Regulations, the official instructions of the British and French Governments to observe them, and the methods pre- scribed by the German War Manual, which represent the views of the Imperial Staff. The German War Manual explicitly says that "a war conducted with energy cannot be confined to attacking the combatants of the enemy and its fortifications. It must at the same time be directed to the destruction of the whole of its intellectual (geistige) and material resources." On this Sir Thomas Barclay observes

That would imply the effective stoppage, by bombardment or otherwise, of all its factories and means of production, the burning of its crops, the destruction, where not available for utilisation for further destruction, of its railways, rolling-stock, ports, harbours, and canals, the sinking of its ships and barges, the flooding of its mines, the appropriation or destruction of all means of subsistence, food and raw material, beasts of burden hnd traction, etc. I am not attempting to force the meaning of the German Manual. No German officer would say this is an unfair stretching of the sense of the passage I am interpreting. What do the intellectual resources cover ? The term employed by the editors of the Manual is geistigs, by which they probably meant to refer rather to the national morale than to the intel- lectual resources of the enemy to be overcome. This would include terrorising the population, spreading alarming rumours of possible vengeance, statements, false or true, as to shooting harmless civilians, rape, child-murder, and so on ; the dropping of bombs from aircraft on a crowded city on any pretext whatever, such, for instance, as the mere presence of a sentinel at the entrance to a public building ; firing heavy artillery for the purpose of creating panic—in fact, the employment of every possible method of creating a sense of the hopelessness of resistance."

Sir Thomas Barclay is driven to the conclusion that the Imperial German War Staff takes a view diametrically opposed to that underlying the Hague Regulations,which are summarized on pp. 1188-9.—Bishop Frodaham discusses German Kultur from the point of view of a Dutch friend, who has supplied him with some interesting passages from Ostasien and Europa, a book written by a Missions-Inspektor named Witte. Herr Witte, who is professedly at least a Christian, looks forward to an ideal Kingdom of Heaven upon earth, premising, however, that the millennial peace which is to reign ultimately cannot be attained without war, and that only by the assertion of its power over its enemies will the German nation be able to make other nations partakers of the blessings of its Kultur. As Bishop Frodsbam remarks, the Germans want other peoples to be happy, but they must be happy in a German way. "This glorious objective can only be effected by the predominance of the German people." His Dutch friend, who dreads German Kultur as much as, if not more than, he apprehends German political domination, writes that he is " trying to convince his fellow-countrymen to look to Britain for support in this most difficult struggle for existence amongst so many bullies," but finds the task bard in face of the mesmerizing spell of prosperous and successful Germany, the campaign of lying and slandering, and the memories of the Boer War. He suggests, as means of promoting a rapprochement, the issue of a Rotterdam, Hague, or Amsterdam edition of one of the best London papers, subsidized by the British Government, and the invita- tion of Dutch students and Professors to British Universities. A propos of Herr Witte's Christianity, we may note that in another and highly controversial article Miss Mildred Tuker finds evidences in the present war of the dibeicle of Lutheranism, of which she writes that "the Reformation in Germany rejoined the religion of Luther to the religion of Thor, which had no use for women," predicting that henceforth the Latin religion will have greater prominence as well as the Latin races.—" Tsingtau and its Significance" is the title of an informing article by Mr. William Blane, the first British engineer, so he tells us, who, on the occasion of a pro- fessional visit to the Far East in 1913, was allowed to inspect either the Shantung Railway or the great harbour of Tsingtau. After a concise account of the acquisition of Kiaocbau early in 1898, and an instructive comparison between the Kiaocbau and Shantung Railway Conventions and the Weihaiwei Convention, signed a few months later, Mr. Blane describes the remarkable energy and lavish expenditure—estimated at twenty-five millions sterling— with which the Germans set themselves to work to consolidate and strengthen their new possession. "The principles operating in Berlin against colonial exploitation were all in favour of Kiaocbau, for Kiaochau was not a colony, but a naval and military stronghold, and Tsingtau was destined to become the Carthage of the Far East." The record of Tsingtau's pro- gress in the last fifteen years is so remarkable as to explain the bitter disappointment felt in Germany over its fall. "It marks the end of German pretensions in the Far East, and probably the end of her colonial empire."—We may also notice Colonel A. Keene's memorial article on Lord Roberts under the beading of "The Happy Warrior "; the Rev. J. L. Walton's eloquent appeal for the reinstatement of Dr. Axham, who was struck off the Medical Register in 1911 by the General Medical Council for acting as anaesthetist to Mr. Barker ; the Bishop of Carlisle's paper on "War and Arbitration"; and Mr. W. H. Mallock's examination of General von Bernhardi's views on the "floral Logic of War." In the National Review the editor continues with great energy and gusto his campaign against what he calls the " Potsdam Party " in the Cabinet, opulent aliens and Anglo- Germans in the realm of finance (with Lord Haldane and Sir Alfred Mond as the arch-villains of the plot), and the " Slobber Press." Incidentally be recalls the fact that on August 3rd the Parliamentary Correspondent of the Daily Chronicle declared that, " whatever the outcome of the present tension, I believe that the Cabinet have definitely decided not to send our Expeditionary Force abroad. .. . Truth to tell, the issues which have precipitated the conflict which threatens to devastate the whole of Europe are not worth the bones of a single soldier."—Under the heading "On Some Things Not Generally Known" the editor discusses inter alia such topics as desirable and undesirable aliens, the record and list of shareholders of Renter's Company, and the fate of Admiral Cradock's squadron, which he attributes to the inadequate armament and equipment provided by the Admiralty.—Mr. Maurice Low in "American Affairs" describes the failure of

the Bernstorff-Dernburg-Miinsterberg pro-German campaign in the United States :—

" It is to be hoped that the German Emperor will continue Count Bernstorff as his representative until the end of the war. He is rendering us such valuable service that we could ill afford to lose him. It is also to be hoped that Dr. Dernburg will find it convenient to remain in the United States and that he may be induced to continue to write and talk. He is not such a precious asset as Count Bernstorff—that would be impossible— but he has done surprisingly well in his own particular line. And it is further to be hoped that Professor Miinsterberg will not be overcome with modesty, but will also continue to impose himself upon the public. These three men, Bernstorff, Dernburg, and Miinsterberg, have done more to injure Germany than even the Kaiser. ... The preponderating sentiment of Americans is back of the Allies, and the great mass of Americans hope for the complete success of the Allied arms. I have received through reliable sources reports from the south, the middle west, and the far west. In the middle west, where there is a strong and influential German element in the large cities, Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, the strength of the German opposition is surprising, and in the far west, although the Anglo-Japanese alliance is not liked, it has not cost us American support. But that does not mean we must take too much for granted, and it is proper to urge caution. There is no reason to apprehend forfeiture of American goodwill except through our own stupidity or in- difference."

Mr. Low points out in this context that the continuance of the war must involve British interference with American shipping, and that the friction and irritation thus caused can only be obviated by frank and aboveboard action and forbearance on our part.

In the Contemporary Review Dr. E. J. Dillon writes on " The Downfall of Turkey." Germany, he maintains, had all along counted on Turkey's co-operation; it was an item in her programme, and though delayed by the forbearance of the British Government and the judicious diplomacy of Sir Louis Mallet, to whom he pays a high tribute, it was finally secured by the triumph of Enver Pasha over his colleague and rival, Talaat Bey. Talaat, according to Dr. Dillon, if invested with supreme power, would probably have used it for the weal of the nation ; but Enver's power over the Army turned the scale, and Talaat, making a virtue of necessity, followed his rival's lead, while Djavid and the moderate members of the Cabinet resigned. Dr. Dillon reiterates his warning—uttered in last month's issue—to the British nation to realize the gigantic nature of their task :— " Great Britain is still far behind her duties and her capability, not because her army accomplishes little—there is no such body of heroes in Europe to-day—but because so large a percentage of her sons do not bear arms at all, and because the Government proclaims that it is quite satisfied with the situation. In a few months we shall have over a million fresh men in the field. Good. But will the enemy still dispose of three machine-guns to our one and possess in every infantryman a gunner capable of using it ? Do we realize the fact that if our losses are great now that we are on the defensive, they will be four or even five times greater when we take the offensive? Have we duly taken into account the agencies that will be working for a cessation of hostilities at that time, on the ground that a bad peace is better than an endless war, that blood enough has already been shed, and more than enough treasure has been wasted ; and have we gauged the influence of those agencies on the belligerents? This is no idle question, no mere forecast, no political prophecy. I write on the strength of what I know. I have recently received letters from statesmen among our Allies who already propound these views in private, and announce their intention of preaching them in public ae soon as the favourable moment has come."

Finally, be again dwells on the "unanswerable reasons" for

inviting the Japanese at once to help us on land.—A Writer who veils his identity under the Signature of "Scum CuiqUe '

deals with the sufferings of the Roumanians in Hungary, the strongest of the subject races in that kingdom, tinder that system of " forcible Magyarization " which lie descHbes as suicidal folly. If Austria-Hungary is victorious, he predicts that the Hungarians will discard their promises and resume the policy of destroying the Roumanian nationality. If she is defeated, a Greater Roumania will arise, which he regards as likely to prove an important factor in preserving the peace of Europe.—In this context we may note Mr. Gabriel Costa's paper, " Freeing Six .Millione," WhiCh he discueses the likelihood of the Tsar's granting to his Jewigh subjects eqUal civil and political rights with the Russian people at large.

Though four hundred thousand Jews are already serving iri the Russian armies, and their bravery hai alreadY been con-

spicuously shown in the field, no Jew can hold commissioned rank, or even be a bandinaster. The harassing restrictions which hamper them in civil life are still in operation and acutely felt, and Mr. Costa ends on a note of misgiVing. The rumoured concession is too good to be trite. But if it is, "and the Little Father be in earnest in this, his latest resolve, then will six million voices make the heavens tremble in a mighty shout of gratitude.".--Mr. Roy Norton, an American Writer, gives a remarkable account, based on his own personal obser- vation, of Germany's deliberate preparations for the war.

Under the heading " How to Pay for the War " Mr. J. E. Allen criticizes Mr. Lloyd George's Budget in a friendly spirit, and offers certain specific suggestions for the readjustment of the Income Tax—he would bring the limit of exemption down to £50 a year—and for the raising of fresh revenue by increasing the taxation on motors, petrol, and men servants. He would also tax "cinemas," travelling shows, and music-halls, and graduate the tobacco licence, which is now the same for a village shop and a mammoth store.--Mrs. St. Clair Stobart gives a vivid account of her trying experiences during

the siege of Antwerp with the Women's Hospital Unit, the staff of which was the last of the hoipital staffs to leave the town ; while Mrs. Fawcett describes what women have been doing at home to help the country in its hour of need.

In the Fortnightly Mr. Sidney Whitman draws up an indict- ment of the Kaiser, who, he says, has introduced into the highest German public life the morals and manners of the Corps-Bursche. In so doing the ordinary code of gentlemen

and civilized statesmen has been abolished, and its place taken by the ideals of the parvenu, added to the worst forms of military and aristocratic domineering. As an instance of the Kaiser's ungentlemanly behaviour, we are told that, on the

occasion of one of his self-invited visits to England, King Edward, then Prince of Wales, sent him a message of welcome, but asked that a certain Admiral von Senden Bibran should not accompany the Emperor on account of the offensive things this man was known to have said about him (the Prince of Wales). When the Kaiser arrived in England the Admiral was found to be one of the suite. Mr. Whitman quotes a long extract from a communication received by him from an old German friend of high standing, and an intimate of Bismarck, who says :- "We have made ourselves ridiculous before the whole world by declaring that we have been forced into a war of self-defence by the aggressive action of Russia, whilst we straightway fall upon the inoffensive Belgians. We ought to have thanked our stars that whereas we were safeguarded in the south by Switzerland, Belgian neutrality guaranteed our western frontier in the north, and thus left us with a short, almost impregnable, frontier towards France. This advantage should have enabled us to have remained on the defensive against France, and to threw the whole of our strength, together with that of Austria, against Russia, Germany's only real enemy. This would have given us a fair chance of victory, and would have avoided the stigma in the eyes of the world which the invasion of Belgium has cast upon us. If we had not irritated the Poles by a false internal policy for many years past, there might have been a chance for us instead of Russia to have raised the cry of an autonomous Polish kingdom, under the joint protection of Austria and Germany. We might have forced the Russians out, and, giving Finland back, to the Swedes, have secured for all time an equally, strong frontier for Germany in the east as we obtained in the west."

The writer of the above quotation thus sums up the difference between the old Emperor William and hia grandson: "The Emperor William the First was a gentleman of the old school, and expected his officers to be gentlemen also." We do not care to quote the estimate Of the present Kaiser, though it is a German who Writes, not an Englishman. While we are at war it is bad form to call names, even by quotation. The Crown Prince ih condemned by "his craving for cavalry charges and his insane cry of /tamer druf." Speaking of Prince Hohenlolte, Mr. Whitman says that- " Shortly before his retirement he gave a friend of mine his view to the effect that the German Emperor was the coolest rationalist (meaning agnostic), the greatest egoist, and the most ungrateful person he had ever met in his life. The same view was expressed to me by Prince Bismarck in July, 1892, at Kirsingen, in the phrase that the Emperor had no heart."

—Mr. Wilfrid Ward points out in a striking article on "The War Spirit and Christianity" that the world is now witnessing the results of the definite abandonment in State

policy and war of the principles of Christianity on the part of Germany. She is giving the true answer to those who said

that Christianity sets up an impossible ideal, or that it restricts full human development. We are seeing the result in practice of the great renunciation. Heine prophesied that the old gods would revive, and that "Thor with his giant hammer will at last spring up and shatter to bits the Gothic Cathedrals." The time has come—Reims, Ypres, Fumes, and Malines have felt the blows, and, as Mr. Ward says, "we see pagan ideals, not in the form of a dream which isolates what is inspiring, but as a fact with its inevitable consequences and accompaniments." But if the new pagans are beaten in the end, then— "The German warriors themselves will look in vain in their defeat for succour from those Christian ideals which their own war-spirit has wantonly but effectively killed : and no redemp- tion can be found for the defeated and the unsuccessful in thd philosophy of life which that spirit represents. It has no Beati- tudes for the poor. It has none for the conquered?'

Dr. G. Chatterton-Hill writes an account of the works of a new French poet and dramatist. Paul Claudel is at present known in his own country only to the elite, the young

and emancipated spirits unbound by literary tradition. M: Claude! has bad the advantage of working independently of the Paris literary coteries, for he has lived abroad, having been in the Consular Service in China, and he is still -quite young. He is a mystic, but also an earnest and convinced

Roman Catholic who likes to avow his belief in his works. He totally rejects "Voltaire, Renan, Michelet, and Hugo, "et toes lea mitres infames. Leur &me est avec les chiens morts, leurs 'lyres sont joints an fumier. Its sont morts, et leur nom meme apres leur snort est un poison et une pourriture."— " Nautilus " describes the German naval plot which failed in the Mediterranean. " On July 8th of this year, thus four weeks before the outbreak of the war, the Kaiser's Consular representative at this Spanish harbour [Palma de Majorca] had forwarded to the port authorities a long list of questions; requesting information" as to coal, oil, water, depth of harbour, facilities for raising sunken and repairing damaged vessels, and upon other nautical matters. The idea was that, the neutrality of England being secured, German ships, together with the Austrian and Italian Fleets, were to seize Majorca, thus establishing themselves on the line between France and Algiers, and giving them a base in the Western Mediterranean. To carry out this plan the German Battle Fleet was stationed off the coast of Norway, ready to send a detachment to the Baltic to deal with a Russian landing, and another to seize Majorca, while the main body attacked the Atlantic ports of France. "Nantifus" tells us that Prince Louis of Battenberg, with great prescience, issued an order to our Fleet of Spithead in the early hours of August 2nd to proceed to the North Sea in full strength The memorable order was deliberately published the next morning in the Sunday papers, when Admiral von Ingenohl, duly apprised by wireless of the British move, returned hurriedly with the High Sea Fleet from Norwegian Fiords to Wilhelmshaven. But for the inglorious hesitancy of our Cabinet at this critical juncture, this timely action by our First Sea Lord might have led to .a general engagement with the intercepted German Fleet in circumstances most favourable to our own."

Is this a true Bill? If it is, a great opportunity was cer- tainly missed. We need not have attacked the German Fleet. We should simply have barred its way honii3 until the European situation had been properly cleared up. That would have been a perfectly legitimate exercise of sea power. In Blackwood Mr. T. F. Farman. compares the condition of Paris when threatened by the German Army this year with the state of things in 1870. According to him, perfect calm prevailed even when the Government retired to Bordeaux,-and the motor traffic was suspended because the motor-'buses were all taken over by the Army and the taxi-drivers had all joined their regiments. Even the arrival of large quantities of cattle in the Bois de Boulogne—to feed the city if it were beleaguered—created more curiosity than dismay.—" The Junior Sub." continues his amusing chronicles of his newly raised battalion. We are given a glimpse of the education of de- faulting privates, and incidentally of youthful officers wholisten to the wise words of the company commander. He it is who deals out with an experienced band advice and admonitions to those accused of what the Army so often misnames "crime." r—Mr. Salzmann open an entertaining article on "Medieval Cookery " with the following extract from an ancient author

who expresses the feelings of wonder which many of us have felt:—

. " What an Hodg-potch do men that have Abilities make of their stomachs, which must wonderfully oppress and distract Nature. For if you should take Flesh of various sorts, Fish of as many, Cabbages, Parsnops, Potatoes, Mustard, Butter, Cheese, a Padden that contains more than ten several ingredients, Tarts, Currans, Apples, Capers, Olives, Anchovies, Mangoes, Caveare, e.t.c., and jumble them together into one Mass, what eye would not loath, what Stomach not abhor, such a Gallemattfrey ? Yet this is done every Day, and counted Gallent Entertainment."

Feeding a mediaeval King seems to have been a Gargantuan business, for the Bishop of Durham when he entertained Richard IL and the Duke of Lancaster in London provided 120 sheep, 16 oxen, 140 pigs, 12 boars, 210 geese, 720 hens, 50 capons " of hie grece" and 8 dozen other capons, 50 swans, 100 dozen pigeons, 11,000 eggs, 120 gallons of milk, and 12 gallons of cream. One trembles to think what the work of the cooks must have been to reduce these masses of food to an eatable condition. But one gathers that the cooks in those far-away times were not lacking in energy, if we are to judge by a receipt in which the cook is told to " smyte off the head " of a

" pigge," and, further, to " smyte him in peces." There seem to have been bad cooks, too, in those days as well as now, and one author remarks that " God may send a man good meate, but the devyll may send an evyll coke to dystroye it." One strange food that we hear of is whale. How was it cooked? we wonder. If this "fish" has passed from the menus, there are some things which have remained unchanged. Here is a quotation which shows how near we are to our ancestors "Rawe crayme undecocted eaten with strawberyes or hurter. is a rural mans banket. I have knowen such bankettes bath putt men in jeoperdy of theyr lyves."--Sir Mortimer Durand gives us an outline of the history of the English in India, compressing the story into a few pages. We are

shown that the tendency towards unity and the growth of national feeling for India as a whole are entirely due to our rule. Before our advent no such things existed.

The first article in the United Service Magazine fcr December is "The Navy and the War," by " Admiral." It contains a useful reminder that "the command of the sea" is only a relative phrase, and not an absolute one, as is too often assumed. The late Sir Geoffrey Hornby, the writer tells us, defined "the command of the sea" as meaning "that we were so much the stronger naval Power that we could transport troops safely." " He never supposed that it would he possible to stop some loss of commerce by the action of individual cruisers." That, of course, is absolutely true. Even after Trafalgar, up till the end of the Napoleonic Wars, though we had complete command of the sea, our merchant ships were still liable to occasional capture ; and it may be remembered that it was at a time when we were supposed to have complete command of the sea that George III., taking an airing in a frigate from Weymouth, was very nearly captured by a French man-of-war. "Admiral " mentions some instances besides those of the French privateers to show how .difficult it is to protect our commerce from raiders. In 1805 Commodore Allemande escaped with a squadron of battleships and very nearly destroyed General Baird's expedition on its way to the Cape. " Admiral " also states that he has been told that ninety-two ships have been employed in bringing over the Indian contingent, and that the, thirty-three thousand Canadians were convoyed by seven men- of-war, including two battleships.