24 MAY 1930

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Grave unemployment is, of course, universal. Credible estimates place the

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number of unemployed in the United States at about 4,000,000, and Germany is relatively in as bad a case. The Rationalization of industry here is displacing labour right and...

News of the Week The Unemployment Crisis THE terrifying figures

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of unemployment are bringing X the GOvernment into the most difficult times they have yet experienced. The abstention of their Left Wing in the division on the unemployment...

The United States of Europe The much heralded plan for

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a " United States of Europe " was communicated to the twenty-six Governments, members of the League, last Saturday. They are requested to reply with comments and sug- gestions...

All the same, we believe that if the nation as

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a whole applied itself to fighting unemployment in the spirit in which it fought the Germans it could discover means of employment guiltless of. the financial heresies which the...

Sir Oswald . -Mosley resigned the Chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster

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on Tuesday. This was the direct result of the rejection by the Cabinet`Of the MemorandUm on unemployment which he had written in collaboration with Mr. Lansbury and Mr. Tom...

EDITORIAL. AND PUBLISHING OFFICES: 99 Gower Street, London, W.C. 1.—A

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Subscription to the SPECTATOR costs Thirty Shillings per annum, including postage, to any part of the world. The SrEarATon is registered as a Newspaper. - The Postage on this...

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Signor Mussolini's Rhetoric The scenes of military splendour which Signor

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Mussolini authorized for his week's tour in Tuscany seem to have inflamed him. When one has made every allowance for his gift of rhetoric, it is painful to have to admit that...

The Indian Situation The unrest in and around Peshawar continues,

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Accen- tuated without a doubt by the deliberate spreading of false reports. Such distortions of fact must be expected in the circumstances. It is satisfactory to have the...

M. Blum goes on to argue that France, as -the

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principal victor in the War, has the moral obligation Of setting the example of disarmament. The question of trained reserves which M. Bluni frankly recognizes as one of the...

M. Briand's plan is, however, something more than a sort

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of regional version of the League. As was pointed out in the Observer, this is the first time since the War that a Continental statesman has proposed a pacific organ- ization...

France and Disarmainent Security has taken on quite a different

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complexion, as we have said, since President Hoover and Mi. Ramsay MacDonald pointed to the " better way " of mutual confidence and political peace. Notoriously the Paris Press...

No tangible result has emerged as.' yet from the All-Parties

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Conference. Lord Irwin, we are glad to see, has appointed a special Reforms Commissioner who will have his own Department and a status approaching that of a Member of Council....

The Young Plan Last Saturday the Reparation Commission held Its

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fineil meeting and handed over its charge to the Bank for International Settlements. On the same day the Order was given for the, Withdrawal of the French Army, of Occupation....

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The Wool Textile Dispute The dispute in the Wool Textile

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Industry continues without any decided success on either side, though each 'side continues to assert that the other is giving way. As a result of the further intervention of...

'Youth to the Rescue English golfers went down like skittles

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in the play for the Walker Cup, but in the Ladies' Championship on Friday, May 16, Miss Diana Fishwick, . nineteen years old, showed (as Miss Amy Johnson has been showing in a...

Lord Beaverbrook and the Referendum When the breach between Lord

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Beaverbrook and Mr.. Baldwin widens that between Lord Beaverbrook and, Lord Rothermere contracts. Lord Beaverbrook- is evidently extremely discontented with his bargain with Mr....

Mr. Dwight Morrow and Prohibition The cause of the "Wets

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"'has received, at a critical time, a notable reinforeement in the support of Mr. Dwight Morrow. In opening his campaign for the Senatorial election's' in New Jersey at Newark...

On Wednesday the Daily Mail, by a natural sequence, - came

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out with a leading article in praise of Lord ,BeaverbrOok. " The Central Office," said the Dairy Mail, " has shown every desire to smother the Empire Crusaders with hoStile...

The Coal Bill When we write on 'Thursday the Coal

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Bill is due to_ come befoie the House of Lords for the Report stage and third reading. What , the Government will do about the amendments which the Lords have carried and those...

A Chair of Peace at Oxford In Congregation on Tuesday

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Oxford University accepted 'yet another important benefaction. Mr. Montague Burton, of Harrogate, offered £1,320 a year for seven -years—with the prospect of a permanent...

Bank Rate, 3 per cent., changed from 31 per cent.

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on May 1st, 1930. War Loan (5 per cent.) was on Wednesday 102 1 1-; on Wednesday week, 101f; a year ago, 1001; Funding Loan (4 per cent.) was on Wednesday 901; on Wednesday...

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Uniting Europe

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M. Briand has chosen the moment deliberately to issue proposals by the French Government—which were in fact approved by a Council of Ministers on May 1st to coincide with the...

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The Unionist Party and Naval Policy

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WITH the help of a transparent sincerity, a quiet humour and a commanding 'intellectual quality Mr. Baldwin has managed to hold his Party together— so Tar as it has been held...

Two Great Objections to Empire Free Trade

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A STUDY of the speeches which are being made in the present campaign for and against Empire Free Trade proves that- the reasoning is extremely lopsided. One might think when...

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The Church in West Africa

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[The writer of this article, Major U.. Fitzherbert Buxton, C.M.G., served for Many years in the ArmY and in the Colonial Service. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Southern...

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The Week in Parliament T HE unemployment figures are bad, and

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they are getting worse. To-morrow will show an increase of 27,000 for this week." Thus spake Mr. J. H. Thomas in the debate , on his own salary last Monday. But he offered no...

The SPECTATOR dated May 31st will be a special Scottish

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number. As last year Scottish affairs will receive special atten- tion in our regular features, and the articles will include an analysis of the conditions which have brought...

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India and the West

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A HUNDRED years ago , it was assumed, no doubt with an excess of faith, that once the torch of Western culture had been carried to the shores of India the whole sub-continent...

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The New England

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x.—A Herald of the New Age [The purpose of these articles is to describe what is right with :Vngland ; not to advise, criticize, expose or condemn, but to give some account of...

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The Passion- Play of Oberammergau, 193o F OUR years hence the

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village of Oberammergau will - 1 - . reach the tercentenary of that pious vow made. in the plague year of 1684, which was to make their village more widely known than any other...

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The Theatre

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Star Parts Without Stars [" MAGDA." BY REBMANN. SUDERMANN. AT THE NEW THEATRE.-:—" GHOSTS." BY HENRIK IBSEN. AT THE ARTS THEATRE CLUB. " OTHELLO." AT THE' SAVOY.] - - FOR some...

DIRECT subscribers who are changing their addresses are asked to

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notify the SPECTATOR Office BEFORE MIDDAY on MONDAY Or EAC WEEK. The previoits addrees to which the paper has been sent ani receipt reference number should be quoted.

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Correspondence

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A LETTER FROM GENEVA. [To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] SIR,—The League of Nations Council meeting last week brought Foreign Ministers in unusual numbers to Geneva. Mr....

Music

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[COVENT GARDEN OPERA.] Titian:: was a time when Wagner's vocal writing was criticized as being altogether beyond human achievement. That criticism now seems strangely out of...

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Seagulls

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I WILL shape me a bird that will be the envy of all creatures said the Lord. I will give them wings whose property it shall be to use wind and storm as things for weaving...

CONDITIONS IN NIGERIA.

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[To the Editor of the SphaT . A.i on.] Sut,—“ No serious attempt has yet been made to set forth the principles which should underlie our future relations with the tropical...

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Pleiades

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On Being "At Home In Life " I SAW a phrase in a letter which was shown me the other day that set me off at a tangent, and made me describe a parabola of probably irrelevant...

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Country Life

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THE Marisa MARK. A suggestive example of the interactions of progress came to my "fibtide this week itt- a not unimportant branch of horti- culture. The " National Mark " (a...

THE ICEMEN.

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A correspondent asks for some more detailed account of " the three fremen " to whoni I have made occasional reference. It happens that two accounts have just appeared, one in...

On the general subject of more intensive cultivation a very

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optimistic pamphlet reaches me called " £1,000,000,000 for Industry." It concludes with " a concrete proposal." The author , proposes to set up on a, particular 800 acres a...

A small exhibit of the Ministry of Agriculture was shown

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last week at one of the agricultural institutes ; and, in spite of its small proportions, was more interesting—at any rate to the consumer—than most of the more ambitious but...

SMALL NURSERIES.

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One cannot visit any well-worked and scientifically man- aged fruit or flower farm without wondering why more amateur •gardeners, especially smaller and poorer gardeners, do not...

A VALLEY OF GLASS. - Among farming institutes none has

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more wisely and fruitfully turned its attention to local concerns than " Oaklands" which is found in the grounds of an old country house between St. Albans and Hatfield....

The locus classicus for the discussion of extensive and intensive

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cuftivation is Prince Kropotkin's Fiekls, Factories and Workshops. Since he wrote, partly in order to demonstrate that a very small area of land could support a very large...

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Letters to the Editor

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INDIA [To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] SIR,—Mr. Robert 0. Mennell writes in your issue of May 10th about the " dark Satanic mills " in which the Indian natives are employed,...

[To thefiditor of the SPECTATOR.] Sul,—It is a relief to

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turn to the Spectator from the stream of condemnation, disapprobation or vilification which is being poured by the British Press upon the heads of the unfortunate leaders of the...

FAGGING

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[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] SIR,—The article on fagging in your laSt issue contains statements 'which - should not pass unchallenged. - First, it is • assumed - that all'...

BUSINESS AND POLITICS

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[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] • Sin,—If any fUrther justification were needed for the, action Of Free Traders in holding a series of strictly non-party conferences to be...

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PROTECTION AND EM?LOYMENT

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[To the Editor of the SPEcrA.Toit.] SIR,—Mr. J. Russell Gubbins' letter in your issue of April 26th, states the usual Free Trade argument against Safeguarding very clearly....

LEGISLATION AND THE DOCK INDUSTRY [To the Editor of the

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SPECTATOR.] SIR,—The Minister of Labour has announced in the House of Commons that it is hoped shortly to introduce the necessary Bill for ratifying the Draft Convention on the...

[To the Editor of the : SPECTATOR.] SIR , —Ma 'or Stuart-Monteith in

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his letter appearing in your columns (March 22nd) calls attention to the effects of Protec- tive duties in causing over-production. This aspect of the matter is well worth...

[To the Editor of the. SPECTATOR.] SIR,—It is quite evident

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from the speeches of Mr. J. T. Brownlie,. Mr. Hayday, M.P., and others during the last few days that Trade .Union leaders are becoming increasingly uneasy as to the position of...

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ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE

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[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] Siu, — I hope that the article by Mr. Harold Cox in your issue of May 10th will cause renewed and increased interest to taken in the subjects...

[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.]

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SIR,—A comparison of the depth of cleavage between the Anglican Church and other bodies may be estimated by the fad that a Ronian 'Catholic priest whO wishes to throw in his let...

STAG HUNTING

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• [To the Editor of the SPECTATOR] Sat,—Miss Chapman's letter reveals perfectly the mingled ignorance and false sentiment upon which the anti-stag- hunting agitation is based....

PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

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[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] Sin,—In your issue of May 10th, a correspondent writing to the Spectator on Proportional Representation, signing himself W. S. RoWntree, in the...

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND REUNION

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[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.] Sue,—There would be no quarrel between your two correspondents, Mr. G. F. Pollard and Dr. Sydney Carter, if they would be content to quote the...

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THE MODERN POINT OF VIEW [To the Editor of the

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SPECTATOR] Sin,—As one who is passionately concerned for the preserva- tion of rural beauty, I agree with Mr. Geoffrey Sainsbury and your previous correspondent, that the...

[To the Editor of the SPECTATOR] .

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have followed with great interest the long corres- pondence in your columns on the subject of blood sports. All your correspondents have dealt admirably with the problem from...

OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE [To the Editor of the SPECTATOR.]

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Sin,—Might I have a belated word with Mr. Orion ? In your issue of May 10th towards the end of a page article by him, entitled " Pleiades " (a telling example, in my submission,...

ENGLAND'S LARGEST ARABLE FARMER [To the . Editor of the SPECTATOR]

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Sin,—In your issue of May 3rd there was a review of the pamphlet issued by the Oxford University Press, re above. The following incorrect statement was made by your reviewer :...

, The. Bishop of London has published a pamphlet on

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this and other breaches of the Sunday : and the Rev. Mr. Taylor, of Stratton, ha's published a letter. Mr. Taylor seems in a piteous taking his parishioners are so much addicted...

POINT FROM LETTER MAY MARRIAGES.

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The two oldest and best known English couplets run thus " If ye marry in Lent You will live to repent " and " If ye marry in May You will rue the day." Lent, however, as a...

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Some Books of the Week

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" Wito will take even a passing interest in such trifles ? " Writes Mr. Lewis May when he comes to the end of The Path Through the Wood (Geoffrey Bles, 7s. 6d.). None of those...

An - important phase of- our eighteenth-century • history is

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discussed by an American scholar, Dr. Wellman J. Warner, in . The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial RevolutiOn (Longmans, 15s.). „He is well informed, and not unfriendly, but...

The two friends who make the Joyous Pilgrimage, described by

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R. Francis Foster (Elkin Mathews and Marrot, 7s. 6d.), are persuaded that the trains, the road traffic, and ribbon development generally have touched only the surface of English...

- How many people who read Mr. Squire's article in the

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Observer on a Sunday say to themselves, " I will cut that out and keep it:" This, alas, is , one of the geod resolutions that nobody carries out ! In these days of small houses...

* * * •

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The Competition

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Tan Editor offers a prize of five guineas for the competitor whose -selection of the five best brains in Great Britain most nearly accord& with the majority. verdict. The...

Nobody who has read the Apology—and everyone who can rise

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above cinema captions ought to have read it—can have missed its dramatic quality. Yet, so far as the present reviewer is aware, the drama has in all these centuries not been...

, • Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch is always a jolly companion,

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but never more so than when he is pleading a difficult or unpopular cause. He has long been an admirer of T. E. Brown,. the Manx poet, whose centenary has just been celebrated ;...

The manuscript of Characters and Observations (John Murray,

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10s. 6d.) is of the Eighteenth Century, and bears on the title page the words " A. Pope. Twikeam." The contents are a series of maxims and reflections displaying considerable...

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Men and Their Work Sir Arthur Pinero's Plays and Players.

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By Hamilton Fyfe. (Bonn. 15s.) 3onx HARE, the actor, used to tell a story in illustration of the attitude of the mass of the public towards the drama in Vic- torian days. A...

Treasures of the East

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East London—Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, ' (His Majesty's Stationery Office. 17s. 6d.) I HAVE lived in London—more or less—for thirty years, and as an inquisitive...

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A New Life of Christ

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The Public Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ : an Interpretation. ARCHBISHOP GOODIER observes in his. introduction that there are three main ways in which- the life of Christ can...

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A Great Dutch Admiral

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Mn. C. R. Boxer has produced, in his translation of Admiral Tramp's outspoken and vividly picturesque Journal, a book of very- particular interest. It will appeal not alone to...

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Problems of Life

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Da. FistrEit's thoughtful and suggestive discussion of the theory of natural selection in the light of post-Darwinian research should be read by all who wish to understand the...

The Pre-War Armaments

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British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914. Edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley. Vol. VI. Anglo-German Tension, 1907-12. (Stationery Office. 17s. 6c1.) German...

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Fiction

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Mud and Moon THERE is a poem, beginning ..: - 7- " Three old men went down the street And one saw only the mud at his feet, The second saw female shapes behind A too...

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Mr. W. L. Andrews in his quiet, sane book Haunting

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Years (Hutchinson, 7s. 6d.), an individual history of a man who served the War through in the 4th Black Watch, had as good opportunities of forming an opinion as General...

Mr. Alfred Watkins has done a very useful piece of

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work in producing an account of The Old Standing Crosses of Hereford- shire (Simpkin Marshall, 10s.), with no fewer than 142 excel- lent photographs taken by himself. One knew...

The Champlain Society of Toronto, as we mentioned

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some years ago, has undertaken a complete edition, in French and English, of The Works of Samuel de Champlain. It is edited by Dr. H. P. Biggar, with the assistance of six...

More Books of the Week

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(Continued from page 866.) The April number of World Trade contains the usual amount of useful solid material, but only one or two contributions of special interest. M. Theunis,...

In view of the increasing interest now taken in folk

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museums, such as have been established in Scandinavia, Switzerland and Germany, it is pleasant to notice an illustrated pamphlet dealing with a Danish example: Den Gamle Bys...

The books on China multiply and yet seldom seem to

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deepen our knowledge of that vast, mysterious and troubled country. Professor John Nind Smith, who held the chair of Education in Hongkong University, shows a passionate...

General Knowledge Questions

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OUR weekly prize of one guinea for t lie best thirteen Questions submitted is awarded this week to Miss Ethel M. Kennedy, Knolc Lodge, Bournemouth, for the following :—...

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Travel

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[We publish on this page articles and notes which may help our readers in their plans for travel at home and abroad. They are written by correspondents who have visited the...

Answers to Questions on Natural History

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1. St. Matthew : chap. xvii., verse 27.-1. " My kingdom for a horse ! " : Shakespeare's Rickard III.; - Act V.-3. Ode to. a Favourite Cat drowned in a -Tub. Of Goldfish :...

Mr. Walter D'Arcy Creswell, author of Poet's Progress (Faber and

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Faber, 7s. 6d.), is a young New Zealander who apparently believes himself to be the greatest poet in the English language since Tennyson. His book is a description of his...

The Barrister, by Sir Harold Morris, is one of the

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" Life i and Work " Series issued by Geoffrey Bles (3s. 6d.). There is no very serious attempt in it to explain the fascination which the law has for some minds, but there is...

We are glad to have the opportunity of welcoming a'

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valuable commentary on the ghostlore of the sixteenth century. Lewes Lavater's Of Ghostes and Spirites Walking by Nyght (Oxford University Press, 16s.) has been edited by Dr. J....

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Travel Pamphlets Reviewed

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interest to reculers.—En. Spectator.] FROM the batch of travel literature lately_ received we deal first with a tastefully printed and illustrated booklet, 'issued by the...

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* * * * JAPANESE LOAN SUCCESS.

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On the other hand, some of the securities giving a somewhat higher yield have shown a fairly good tendency and the market for the better class Foreign Bonds received some...

- Financial, - Notes-

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UNCERTAIN MARKET/3. BusmEss in the Stock Markets continues to be restricted owing to the general lack of confidence to which I referred in a special article last week. On the...

INDIAN Caanrr.

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In the terms of theIndia Loan we have a very fair expression of the damage inflicted upon Indian credit by the follies of the Indian agitators, and, perhaps, also an expression...

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BRITISH TRADE WITH SOUTH AMERICA.

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At the recent meeting of the British-Bank of South America, the chairman,_Mr. R, J, Hose, cirew,attention, by no means for the first time; to the extent to which' British -...

BURMAH OIL PROFITS.

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One of the most cheerful features of the speculative markets during last week was the rise in The shares of Burmah Oil and Anglo-Persian, the former being -- affected: by the...

' B.I.S.

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Having regard to all -the circumstances of the case, I think the Bank of England has acted wisely in not making a public issue of the whole Cir any part of its holdings of...