DR. BISSET HAWKINS • S GERMANY Is a valuable and able work,

teeming with solid information, but planned upon a scale too extensive to be properly completed in a single volume, or perhaps by a single wind. The author's object, he tells us, "is to make a small contribution to that science which has at various times been designated Political Scieuce, Political Philosophy, Polity, and State Economy.- The design, howeter, embraces subjects which the widest definition could not contain under these terms, unless by State Economy be meant every thing "of, in, and belonging to" a country and its inhabi- tants: for Dr. HAWKINS touches upon religion, laws, morals, man- ners, language, education, literature, arts, commerce, prisons, and spas. He investigates the history of Germany, its nobility, its orders of knighthood, its kingdoms, principalities, and free towns, as well as its Alediatized Princes. A description of its leading divisions, and an account of the contents of a chapter or two, will, however, convey a better idea of Dr. HAWKINS'S Germany than any laboured enumeration.

The book is divided into two sections : the first considers Ger- many "as a whole," the second "in its parts." The first sec- tion opens with a chapter on the history of Germany, from the time when the Romans first acquired a knowledge of its people, down to the peace of 1914; the whole of which is doubled up in nine-and-thirty pages. Three chapters suffice for a Biographical and Critical View of Modern German Literature; one chapter dismisses Architecture, Painting, Sculpture, Music and the Drama; Religion, Education, Prisons and Prisoners, Mineral Waters and Baths, take a chapter each ; and, passing over Princes, Knights, and Nobles, as well as a few miscellaneous topics, see how many things are compressed into twelve pages.

CHAPIER 11.

General View of Germany. Name, Position, Surface, Climate; Rivers, Canals, Railroads, Products; Population, Language, Universities, Periodicals, Theatres; 51anufactures, Exports and Imports ; the New Commercial Ilnion ; Political Constitution. General Statistical View of each of the States funning the German Confederation.

Except that the second section is confined to the present time, and is of a more purely statistical nature, the topics which it em braces are as extensive as in the first part of the volume ; but, dealing with the thirty or forty separate states of Germany, it of course excludes evilly thing which is common to the whole—as language. But let the reader judge for himself. Here is what is told about Prussia.

CHAPTER XX.

The Kinedom of Pi ussia. Nationality. The Royal Family. Provinces and Population. Births and Deaths. Principal Towns. Races. Religion; 'slumber of Clergy. Universities and other Educational Institutions. Budget; Paper Money in Circulation. Army ; Pay of the Army. Form of Govern- ment; Provincial Diets ; Officers of Government. and their Salaries; List of Questions respecting the charaeter and qualifications of Candidates for Office in Prussia; Officers of the Court. Statistics of Berlin. Statistics of the Govern ment-Distrietof Potsdam. Statistics of Education. System of Police respecting Public Women, Houses of Ill Fame, and the like. Criminal sta- tistics of the Seven Provinces of Old Prussia, during three years; Number of Arrests at Berlin ; Juvenile Delinquents. Courts of Law. On the Mili- tary tendency of Prussia.

It must not be inferred from this, that the Germany of Dr. HAWKINS is a crude hodgepodge or a superficial compilation. The author has travelled, if not resided in the country; he is acquainted with its &trans and its literature; he has studied his subject with ardour, and had recourse to good authorities. The early part of his view of the Literature of Germany is the substance of a course of Lectures delivered by V. A. SCHLEGEL; and his historical sketch, if not exactly the quintessence of history, is a satisfying piece of writing—chronology clothed and animated. In the other chapters he not only puts in as much as they will hold, but frequently tries to pack in more; and this perhaps is the fault of the book--it has mere facts than it will well contain, in the didactic form which Dr. HAWKINS has adopted. Except where the nature of the subject forbids, his work is in its nature a book of German sta- tistics, invaluable for reference, full of information upon a vast variety of points, but rarely giving a complete view, except of single subjects—as the Censorship.

Much of it, however, is very curious and readable ; and the Doctor often relieves his statement by commentaries on his facts, which, if not searching, have the character that is given by a learned, well-meaning, well-informed man, of somewhat limited range of vision, philosophizing on matters beyond his ken. But his prejudices or partiulities seem to have no effect upon his accu- racy, for his facts very often contradict his theories. Ile is in love with Germany and with its paternal governments ; yet nail's- guisedls tells to what a servile state they labour to reduce opinion, by their restraints on printing and publishing.

FREEDOM OF TIIE NEWSPAPER ',aims IN PRUSSIA.

Besides these journals published in Berlin, a paper appears in the chief towns of every government district, (Regret ungsbezirk,) after whose name it is called ; as, for instance, the " Gazette of Magdeburg," s. of Cologne." On the whole, there are twenty-five of these political journals. They ate under the direct su- perintendence of a local censor ; and are, nevertheless, nut permitted to insert any article which has not already appeared in the State Gas-inc if Berlin. In their resrective districts, they enjoy a monopoly of advertisements, I. e. every person who wishes to advert:se, isn't advertise in them. If the editor of one of these provincial journals should consider himself harshly treated by the local censor, he has the right of appeal to the supreme president of the province ; but this personage may happen to reside at a cleat di.tance, so that, if he de- cides in favour of the editrir, (a case of utifrequent occurrence,) so much time must nevessmily elapse belbre the decision can reach him, that the point at issue loses most of its importance.

One merit of the Prussian Government is the equal terms upon which it treats its subjects, and the strictness with which it manages public servants and admits them to employ meats. " Rat k is not at all preferred ; the salaries are moderate; and, instead of giving pensions to superannuated otlicials, it obliges the successor to pay out of his salary a fixed portion to the former incumbent during his lifetime,"—saving a civil deadweight. The character of every man before he is received into the public service must also undergo a rigid inquiry, and to English notions one minutely scrupulous. Of the litteen heads of vexing questions, we take five— wit. Particulars respecting Family.-1. ls he married, single, a widower, or divorced ? 2. His wife's father. O. Number of his children : a. provided for ; b. unprovided for, under nine years of age; c. adopted, or step-children. 4. Relations, besides wife and children, whom he maintains or assists. 3. To what tradespeople is he related, to the third diver ?

VIII. Mode of Life. —1. Have he or his wife any wants above their sta. tion, and what are they? 2. What recreations or amusements is he partial to? 3. How much rent does he pay ? fur how many rooms with stoves in them?

4. Number of servants, and amount of their wages. 5. How many horses does he keep? IX. Physical Constitution.—I. titceril state of health. 2. Habit. II complaints. 3. Inconvenient wounds. 4. Bodily strength, aud patience in enduring fatigue. 5. Quickness of sight and hearing. X. Character.-1. Is he honest, honourable, persevering, economied, n creet, courageous, disinterested, veracious, regular, polite, temPerate, dilige sociable, friendly, obedient? prone to debauchery, chicanery, or frivolous in. t trigue? is he passionate, or timid and retiring? is he inclined to gambliag, dis. sipation, and turtnoil ? is he inconsiderate, vindictive, or servile? Xl. Knowledge of the World.-1. Is he courteous to the trx-paying emu munity ? 2. Does he know how to keep on a friendly footing with other de. partments? 3. Does be know bow to make his inferiors perform their duties cheerfully ?

Before the French Revolution turned Feudalism topsy-turvy, there were in Germany about three hundred temporal or eeele- siastical sovereigns, possessed of " all the attributes of kings," except in owing allegiance to the Emperor. These were swept away by BONAPARTE'S invasions; but after the peace their de. plorable state was taken into consideration, and it was decreed—

First, That all mediatized princes and counts should be placed amongst the high nobility of Germany., together with which the right of equal birth should be conceded to them.

Secondly, That they should be the principal noblemen of the states to which they belong, where also they and their families should form the privileged class more particularly in respect to taxation.

Thirdly, That they shall permanently possess all those rights and privileges in respect to their petsons, family, and property, which are connected with the tenure and enjoyment of their pussessions, and which do not interfere with the higher rights or government, and with the executive. Austria ratified these provisions; and decreed, September 9, 1825, that the titles of the mediatized princes should correspond to their independent ones Thus the predicate Durchlaucht, (Serene highness,) is conceded to pines, and the predicate, Erlaucht, (Highness.) to counts. Since 180, the predicate Durchlaught, which was formerly only possessed by the chief of the house, has been assumed by all its members.

Of these kingly shadows there are now fifty-one sovereign. princes, with revenues beginning as low as 2,000/. a year, and forty-two sovereign-counts, with revenues commencing at 1,000/. In addition to the above-mentioned privileges, " they and their families are prayed for in the church service, immediately after the sovereign. On their decease, the bells are tolled for eight days, in all the churches in their domains."

STATISTICS OF NOBILITY.

The number of noble individuals in Austria was estimated by Lichtenstem at 475,000. But Hassel believes that this calculation falls far short of the truth. In 1785, the nubility of Hungary alone were estimated at 169,495; and in 1816, the male nobles of Milan were reckoned at 3,859. The number of nobles in Prussia was computed by Hassel, in 1822, at about 200,000. Spain has been estimated to possess the most numerous nobility ; Poland, probably, is at least equal in this respect ; Austria and Prussia follow, then Russia, then France, next Sweden, and England stands, perhaps, last ; Italy is less known.

All have heard of the advantages of the division of labour; these are the

ADVANTAGES OE A DIVISION OF STATES.

There are some advantages which a native of Gennany possesses in a higher degree than any other European. One of these consists In the greater number of employments which lie open to his ambition and his talents. All the mime. rous Gertnan states afford existence to their own respective cabinet ministers, envoys, generals, dignitaries, and civil officers, of cations denominations. In some situations, which only a single individual tills in England and Fraace, perhaps twenty individuals are installed throughout Germany. England sends only one minister to France, while Germany sends about thirteen ; and the saute observation applies to several other functions. In short, a German enjoys several chances of obtaining an honourable post the the exercise of his talents or industry, where the Englishman and Frenchman have only a single ticket in the lottery of life. The same advantage is extended to the Germans who cul- tivate literature and science. In the British Islands we have. perhaps, five universities which correspond in character to the thisty German universities; add to this, that a German university contains usually about twiee the number of professors who are included in the English ones. But the Getman states also displ ty innumerable colleges, gymnasiums, and lyceums, not to be brimful any similar proportion among ourselves, and each matshalling its own peculiar array of professors, curators, librarians, suit other such officers.

is:costes asp TAXES OF THE civiatzen, PER, HEAD.

Florin,* yearly Florins Frady.

The English have been estimated to enjoy.- 194 to pay in taxes 18

Netherlanders 50 10 French 80 114 Austrians 73 31

Prussians 56 VIEW OF THE eacirownox OF THE SOLDIERS TO TIIE PEOPLE.

In Denmark, the soldier is 1 in 50 of the whole.

Sweden 1 — 53 Wu I temberg 1 59 Poland 1 60 Pi tissia 1.— 69 Bavaria 1 — 69 Russia 1 70 Austria 1 — 100 France 1—Ito

England 1 —140 (overrated.) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1 200 Tuscany 1 — 400 • Roman States 1 —500

In parting with Dr. HAWKINS'S Germany, we should say that, in despite of defects, it is a book very remarkable for the quantity of information and the immense number of facts which it con- tains; always supposing the facts to be statistically true—that is, as true as statistics ever arc.

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